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HP 1660CS-Series User Manual

Logic analyzers
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  • Page 1 Agilent Test & Measurement website, www.tm.agilent.com. HP References in this Manual This manual may contain references to HP or Hewlett-Packard. Please note that Hewlett-Packard's former test and measurement, semiconductor products and chemical analysis businesses are now part of Agilent Technologies. We have made no changes to this manual copy.
  • Page 2 User’s Guide Publication Number 01660-97017 First Edition, November 1995 For Safety Information, Warranties, and Regulatory Information, see the pages at the end of this manual. © Copyright Hewlett-Packard Company 1991 - 1995 All Rights Reserved. HP 1660CS-Series Logic Analyzers...
  • Page 3 The HP 1660CS-series logic analyzers are 100-MHz state/500-MHz timing logic analyzers and 1 GSa/s digitizing oscilloscopes. Logic Analyzer Features • 130 data channels and 6 clock/data channels in the HP 1660CS • 96 data channels and 6 clock/data channels in the HP 1661CS •...
  • Page 4 The Logic Analyzer at a Glance Connecting Peripherals Using the Logic Analyzer This User’s Guide shows you how to use the HP 1660CS-series logic analyzer. It contains measurement Using the Trigger Menu examples, field and feature definitions, and a basic service guide.
  • Page 5 Introduction...

  • Page 6: Table Of Contents

    2 Connecting Peripherals To connect a mouse 2–3 To connect a keyboard 2–4 To connect to an HP-IB printer 2–5 To connect to an RS-232-C printer 2–7 To connect to a parallel printer 2–8 To connect to a controller 2–9 3 Using the Logic Analyzer Accessing the Menus 3–3...
  • Page 7 Contents 4 Using the Trigger Menu Specifying a Basic Trigger 4–3 To assign terms to an analyzer 4–4 To define a term 4–5 To change the trigger specification 4–6 Changing the Trigger Sequence 4–7 To add sequence levels 4–8 To change macros 4–9 Setting Up Time Correlation between Analyzers 4–10 To set up time correlation between two state analyzers 4–11 To set up time correlation between a timing and a state analyzer 4–11...
  • Page 8 Contents 5 Triggering Examples Single-Machine Trigger Examples 5–3 To store and time the execution of a subroutine 5–4 To trigger on the nth iteration of a loop 5–6 To trigger on the nth recursive call of a recursive function 5–8 To trigger on entry to a function 5–10 To capture a write of known bad data to a particular variable 5–11 To trigger on a loop that occasionally runs too long 5–12...
  • Page 9 Contents 6 File Management Transferring Files Using the Flexible Disk Drive 6–3 To save a configuration 6–4 To load a configuration 6–6 To save a listing in ASCII format 6–7 To save a screen’s image 6–8 To load additional software 6–9 7 Reference Configuration Capabilities 7–3 Probing 7–5...
  • Page 10 Contents The RS-232-C, HP-IB, and Centronics Interfaces 7–26 The HP-IB interface 7–27 The RS-232-C interface 7–27 The Centronics interface 7–28 System Utilities 7–29 Real Time Clock Adjustments field 7–29 Update FLASH ROM field 7–29 Shade adjustments 7–30 The Analyzer Configuration Menu 7–31 Type field 7–31...
  • Page 11 Contents The Analyzer Listing Menu 7–58 Markers 7–58 The Analyzer Waveform Menu 7–60 sec/Div field 7–60 Accumulate field 7–60 Delay field 7–60 Waveform label field 7–61 Waveform display 7–62 The Analyzer Mixed Display Menu 7–63 Interleaving state listings 7–63 Time-correlated displays 7–64 Markers 7–64 The Analyzer Chart Menu 7–65 Min and Max scaling fields 7–66...
  • Page 12 Contents The Scope Channel Menu 7–74 Offset field 7–74 Probe field 7–75 Coupling field 7–75 Preset field 7–75 The Scope Display Menu 7–76 Mode field 7–76 Connect Dots field 7–77 Grid field 7–77 Display Options field 7–78 The Scope Trigger Menu 7–79 Trigger marker 7–79 Mode/Arm menu 7–79 Level field 7–81...
  • Page 13 The Trigger Sequence 9–12 Trigger sequence specification 9–13 Analyzer resources 9–15 Timing analyzer 9–18 State analyzer 9–18 Configuration Translation Between HP Logic Analyzers 9–19 The Analyzer Hardware 9–21 HP 1660CS-series analyzer theory 9–22 Logic acquisition board theory 9–25 Oscilloscope board theory 9–28...
  • Page 14 Contents 10 Troubleshooting Analyzer Problems 10–3 Intermittent data errors 10–3 Unwanted triggers 10–3 No activity on activity indicators 10–4 Capacitive loading 10–4 No trace list display 10–4 Preprocessor Problems 10–5 Target system will not boot up 10–5 Slow clock 10–6 Erratic trace measurements 10–7 Inverse Assembler Problems 10–8 No inverse assembly or incorrect inverse assembly 10–8...
  • Page 15 Contents 11 Specifications Accessories 11–2 Specifications (logic analyzer) 11–3 Specifications (oscilloscope) 11–4 Characteristics (logic analyzer) 11–5 Characteristics (oscilloscope) 11–5 Supplemental characteristics (logic analyzer) 11–6 Supplemental characteristics (oscilloscope) 11–9 Operating environment 11–13 12 Operator’s Service Preparing For Use 12–3 To inspect the logic analyzer 12–4 To apply power 12–4 To set the line voltage 12–5 To degauss the display 12–6...
  • Page 16 Logic Analyzer Overview...
  • Page 17 HP 1660CS-Series Logic Analyzer Select Key The Select key action depends on the type of field currently highlighted. If the field is an option field, the Select key brings up an option menu or, if there are only two possible values, toggles the value in the field. If the highlighted field performs a function, the Select key starts the function.
  • Page 18 The RS-232-C connector is a standard DB-25 connector for RS-232-C printer or controller. The HP-IB connector is a standard HP-IB connector for connecting an HP-IB printer or controller. The Parallel Printer connector is a standard Centronics connector for connecting a parallel printer.

  • Page 19: Logic Analyzer Overview To Make A Measurement

    Logic Analyzer Overview To make a measurement To make a measurement For more detail on any of the information below, see the referenced chapters or the Logic Analyzer Training Kit. If you are using a preprocessor with the logic analyzer, some of these steps may not apply. Map to target Connect probes Connect probes from the target system to the logic analyzer to physically map the target system to the channels in the logic...
  • Page 20 Logic Analyzer Overview To make a measurement Set up analyzers* Set modes and clocks Set the state and timing analyzers using the Analyzer Format menu. In general, these modes trade channel count for speed or storage. The state analyzer also provides for complicated clocking.
  • Page 21 Logic Analyzer Overview To make a measurement Set up trigger* Define terms In the Analyzer Trigger menu, define trigger variables called terms to match specific conditions in your target system. Terms can match patterns, ranges, or edges across multiple labels. Configure Arming Control Use Arming Control if •...
  • Page 22 Logic Analyzer Overview To make a measurement Run measurement Select single or repetitive From any Analyzer or Scope menu, select the field labeled Run in the upper right corner to start measuring, or press the Run key. A single run will run once, until memory is full; a repetitive run will go until you select Stop or until a stop measurement condition that you set in the markers menu is fulfilled.
  • Page 23 Logic Analyzer Overview To make a measurement View data Search for patterns In both the Waveform and Listing menus you can use symbols and markers to search for patterns in your data. In the Analyzer Waveform or Analyzer Listing menu, toggle the Markers field to turn the pattern markers on and then specify the pattern.
  • Page 24 Connecting Peripherals...
  • Page 25 Connecting Peripherals Your HP 1660CS-series logic analyzer comes with a PS2 mouse. It also provides connectors for a keyboard, Centronics (parallel) printer, and HP-IB and RS-232-C devices. This chapter tells you how to connect peripheral equipment such as the mouse or a printer to the logic analyzer.

  • Page 26: Connecting Peripherals To Connect A Mouse

    Connecting Peripherals To connect a mouse To connect a mouse Hewlett-Packard supplies a mouse with the logic analyzer. If you prefer a different style of mouse you can use any PS2 mouse with a standard PS2 DIN interface. Plug the mouse into the mouse connector on the back panel. Make sure the plug shows the arrow on top.

  • Page 27: To Connect A Keyboard

    Connecting Peripherals To connect a keyboard To connect a keyboard You can use either the HP-recommended keyboard, HP E2427B, or any other keyboard with a standard DIN connector. Plug the keyboard into the keyboard connector on the back panel. To verify, check the System External I/O menu for a keyboard box.

  • Page 28: To Connect To An Hp-Ib Printer

    To connect to an HP-IB printer To connect to an HP-IB printer Printers connected to the logic analyzer over HP-IB must support HP-IB and Listen Always. When controlling a printer, the analyzer’s HP-IB port does not respond to service requests (SRQ), so the SRQ enable setting does not have any effect on printer operation.
  • Page 29 Go to the System External I/O menu and configure the analyzer’s printer settings. If the analyzer is not already set to HP-IB, select the field under Connected To: in the Printer box and choose HP-IB from the menu. Select the Printer Settings field.

  • Page 30: To Connect To An Rs-232-C Printer

    Push all the switches down to the 0 position. • For the HP ThinkJet printer, the mode switches are on the rear panel of the printer. Push all the switches down to the 0 position. •...

  • Page 31: To Connect To A Parallel Printer

    Connecting Peripherals To connect to a parallel printer To connect to a parallel printer Turn off the analyzer and the printer, and connect a parallel printer cable from the printer to the parallel printer connector on the analyzer rear panel. Before turning on the printer, configure the printer for parallel operation.

  • Page 32: To Connect To A Controller

    To connect to a controller To connect to a controller You can control the HP 1660CS-series logic analyzer with another instrument, such as a computer running a program with embedded analyzer commands. The steps below outline the general procedure for connecting to a controller using HP-IB or RS-232-C.
  • Page 33 2-10...

  • Page 34: Using The Logic Analyzer

    Using the Logic Analyzer...
  • Page 35 Using the Logic Analyzer This chapter shows you how to perform the basic tasks necessary to make a measurement. Each section uses an example to show how the task fits into the overall goal of making a measurement. 3–2...

  • Page 36: Accessing The Menus

    Accessing the Menus When you power up the logic analyzer, the first screen after the system tests is the Analyzer Configuration menu. Menus are identified by two fields in the upper left corner. The leftmost field shows Analyzer. This field is sometimes referred to as the "mode field" or the "module field"...

  • Page 37: To Access The System Menus

    Using the Logic Analyzer To access the System menus To access the System menus The System menus allow you to perform operations that affect the entire logic analyzer, such as load configurations, change colors, and perform system diagnostics. Select the mode field. Use the arrow keys to highlight the mode field, then press the Select key.
  • Page 38 • Flexible Disk allows you to perform file operations on the flexible disk. • External I/O allows you to configure your HP-IB, RS-232-C, and LAN interfaces and connect to a printer and controller. • Utilities allows you to set the clock, update the operating system software, and adjust the display.

  • Page 39: To Access The Analyzer Menus

    Using the Logic Analyzer To access the Analyzer menus To access the Analyzer menus The Analyzer menus allow you to control the analyzer to make your measurement, perform operations on the data, and view the results on the display. Select the mode field. A pop-up menu appears with the choices System, Analyzer, and Scope.
  • Page 40 Using the Logic Analyzer To access the Analyzer menus • Mixed Display always appears in the menu list when an analyzer is set to State or Timing, but it requires a State analyzer with time tags enabled. • Waveform is available when an analyzer is set to State or Timing. Use Waveform to view the data as logic levels on discrete lines.

  • Page 41: To Access The Scope Menus

    Using the Logic Analyzer To access the Scope menus To access the Scope menus The Scope menus allow you to control the analyzer to make your measurement, perform operations on the data, and view the results on the display. Select the mode field. A pop-up menu appears with the choices System, Analyzer, and Scope.
  • Page 42 Using the Logic Analyzer To access the Scope menus • Scope Trigger allows you to choose the method you want to use to trigger the oscilloscope for a particular application. The three trigger modes are Edge, Pattern, and Immediate. • Scope Markers has two sets of markers that allow you to make time and voltage measurements.

  • Page 43: Using The Analyzer Menus

    The default label names are Lab1 through Lab126. However, you can modify a name to any six-character string. If you are using an HP preprocessor interface, the configuration file has predefined labels for your specific processor.
  • Page 44 Using the Logic Analyzer To label channel groups Select the pod containing the channels for the label. Use the knob or the arrow keys to position the selector over a channel you want to change. An asterisk indicates the channel is selected; a dot indicates the channel is not part of the current group.

  • Page 45: To Create A Symbol

    Using the Logic Analyzer To create a symbol To create a symbol Symbols are alphanumeric mnemonics that represent specific data patterns or ranges. When you define a symbol and set the the base type to Symbol in the Listing menu, the symbol is displayed in the data listing where the bit pattern would normally be displayed.
  • Page 46 To close the symbol table menu, select Done. Symbol table menu showing three symbols You can also download symbol tables created by your programming environment using HP E2450A Symbol Utility. The Symbol Utility is shipped with the HP 1660CS-series logic analyzers. See Also HP E2450A Symbol Utility User’s Guide for more information on the...

  • Page 47: To Examine An Analyzer Waveform

    Using the Logic Analyzer To examine an analyzer waveform To examine an analyzer waveform The Analyzer Waveform menu allows you to view state or timing data in a format similar to an oscilloscope display. The horizontal axis represents states (in state mode) or time (in timing mode) and the vertical axis represents logic highs and lows.
  • Page 48 Using the Logic Analyzer To examine an analyzer waveform To take measurements, select the Markers field and choose the appropriate marker type. The markers available depend on the type of analyzer and whether or not tagging is enabled. Use markers to locate patterns quickly. See Also "Count Field"...

  • Page 49: To Examine An Analyzer Listing

    Using the Logic Analyzer To examine an analyzer listing To examine an analyzer listing The Analyzer Listing menu displays state or timing data as patterns (states). The Listing menu uses any of several formats to display the data such as binary, ASCII, or symbols.
  • Page 50 Using the Logic Analyzer To examine an analyzer listing To insert a label, select one of the label fields, then select Insert from the pop-up and the label you want to insert. The last label cannot be deleted, so there is always at least one label. You can insert the same label multiple times and display it in different bases.

  • Page 51: To Compare Two Listings

    Using the Logic Analyzer To compare two listings To compare two listings The Compare menu allows you to take two state analyzer acquisitions and compare them to find the differences. You can use this function to quickly find all the effects after changing the target system or to quickly compare the results of quality tests with results from a working system.
  • Page 52 Using the Logic Analyzer To compare two listings The Difference listing displays the states that are identical in dark typeface, and the states that are different in light typeface (indistinguishable in the above illustration). The light typeface shows the data from the compare file that is different from the data in the reference file.

  • Page 53: The Inverse Assembler

    The Inverse Assembler When the analyzer captures a trace, it captures binary information. The analyzer can then present this information in symbol, binary, octal, decimal, hexadecimal, or ASCII. Or, if given information about the meaning of the data captured, the analyzer can inverse assemble the trace.
  • Page 54 Using the Logic Analyzer To use an inverse assembler The inverse assembler synchronizes at the first line in the trace list... not at the cursor position Inverse assembly synchronization When you press the Invasm key to begin inverse assembly of a trace, the inverse assembler begins with the first displayed state in the trace list.
  • Page 55 3–22...

  • Page 56: Using The Trigger Menu

    Using the Trigger Menu...
  • Page 57 Using the Trigger Menu To use the logic analyzer efficiently, you need to be able to set up your own triggers. This book provides examples of triggering in the next chapter. Those examples assume you already know where to find fields in the trigger menu.

  • Page 58: Specifying A Basic Trigger

    Specifying a Basic Trigger The default analyzer triggers are While storing "anystate" TRIGGER on "a" 1 time Store "anystate" for state analyzers and TRIGGER on "a" > 8 ns for timing analyzers. The oscilloscope triggers separately from the logic analyzers. If you want to simply record data, these will get you started.

  • Page 59: To Assign Terms To An Analyzer

    Using the Trigger Menu To assign terms to an analyzer To assign terms to an analyzer When you turn the logic analyzer on, Analyzer 1 is named Machine 1 and Analyzer 2 is off. Trigger terms can only be used by one analyzer at a time, so all the terms are assigned to Analyzer 1.

  • Page 60: To Define A Term

    Using the Trigger Menu To define a term To define a term Both default triggers trigger on term "a". If you only need to look for the occurrence of a certain state, such as a write to protected memory, then you only need to define term "a"...

  • Page 61: To Change The Trigger Specification

    Using the Trigger Menu To change the trigger specification To change the trigger specification Most triggers use terms other than "a." Even a simple trigger might use additional terms to set conditions on the actual trigger. To use these terms, you must include them in the trigger sequence specification.

  • Page 62: Changing The Trigger Sequence

    Changing the Trigger Sequence Most measurements require more complicated triggers to better filter information. From the basic trigger, you can • Add sequence levels • Change macros Your logic analyzer provides a macro library to make setting up the trigger easier. There are 12 state macros and 13 timing macros. Most macros take more than one level internally to implement, and can be broken down into their separate levels.

  • Page 63: To Add Sequence Levels

    Using the Trigger Menu To add sequence levels To add sequence levels You can add sequence levels anywhere except after the final one. In the Trigger menu, select the number beside the sequence level just after where you want to insert. For example, if you want to insert a sequence level between levels 1 and 2, you would select level 2.

  • Page 64: To Change Macros

    Using the Trigger Menu To change macros To change macros You do not need to add and delete levels just to change a level’s macro. This can be done from within the Sequence Level pop-up. From the Trigger menu, select the sequence level number of the sequence level you want to modify.

  • Page 65: Setting Up Time Correlation Between Analyzers

    Setting Up Time Correlation between Analyzers There are two possible combinations of analyzers: state and state, and state and timing. Timing and timing is not possible because the Analyzer Configuration menu only permits one analyzer at a time to be configured as a timing analyzer. For either combination, time correlation is necessary for interleaving and mixed display.

  • Page 66: To Set Up Time Correlation Between Two State Analyzers

    Using the Trigger Menu To set up time correlation between two state analyzers To set up time correlation between two state analyzers To correlate the data between two state analyzers, both must have Count Time turned on in their Trigger menus. Although both have Count State available, it is not possible to correlate data based on states even when they are identically defined.

  • Page 67: Arming And Additional Instruments

    Arming and Additional Instruments Occasionally you may need to start the analyzer acquiring data when another instrument detects a problem. Or, you may want to have the analyzer itself arm another measuring tool. This is accomplished from the Arming Control field of the Analyzer Trigger menu. To arm another instrument Attach a BNC cable from the External Trigger Output port on the back of the logic analyzer to the instrument you want to trigger.

  • Page 68: To Arm The Oscilloscope With The Analyzer

    Using the Trigger Menu To arm the oscilloscope with the analyzer To arm the oscilloscope with the analyzer If both analyzers and the oscilloscope are turned on, you can configure one analyzer to arm the other analyzer and the oscilloscope. An example of this is when a state analyzer triggers on a bit pattern, then arms a timing analyzer and the oscilloscope which capture and display the waveform after they trigger.
  • Page 69 Using the Trigger Menu To arm the oscilloscope with the analyzer In this example STATE MACH triggers from Group Run, then arms TIME Example MACH and Scope. To duplicate this, set STATE MACH to run from Group Run, TIME MACH to run from STATE MACH, and Scope Arm In to Analyzer.

  • Page 70: To Receive An Arm Signal From Another Instrument

    Using the Trigger Menu To receive an arm signal from another instrument To receive an arm signal from another instrument When you set the analyzer to wait for an arm signal, it does not react to data that would normally trigger it until after it has received the arm signal. The arm signal can be sent to any of the Trigger Sequence levels, but will go to level 1 unless you change it.

  • Page 71: Managing Memory

    Managing Memory Sometimes you will need every last bit of memory you can get on the logic analyzer. There are three simple ways to maximize memory when specifying your trigger: • Selectively store branch conditions (State only) • Place the trigger relative to memory •...

  • Page 72: To Selectively Store Branch Conditions (State Only)

    Using the Trigger Menu To selectively store branch conditions (State only) To selectively store branch conditions (State only) Besides setting up your trigger levels to store anystate, no state, or some subset of states, you can also choose whether or not to store branch conditions.

  • Page 73: To Place The Trigger In Memory

    Using the Trigger Menu To place the trigger in memory To place the trigger in memory In Automatic Acquisition Mode, the exact location of the trigger depends on the trigger specification but usually falls around the center. You can manually place it to be at the beginning, end, or anywhere else. In the Analyzer Trigger menu, select Acquisition Control.

  • Page 74: To Set The Sampling Rates (Timing Only)

    Using the Trigger Menu To set the sampling rates (Timing only) To set the sampling rates (Timing only) A timing analyzer samples the data based on its own internal clock. A short sample period provides more detail about the device under test; a long sample period allows more time before memory is full.
  • Page 75 4–20...

  • Page 76: Triggering Examples

    Triggering Examples...
  • Page 77 Triggering Examples As you begin to understand a problem in your system, you may realize that certain conditions must occur before the problem occurs. You can use sequential triggering to ensure that those conditions have occurred before the analyzer recognizes its trigger and captures information.

  • Page 78: Single-Machine Trigger Examples

    Single-Machine Trigger Examples The following examples require only a single analyzer to make measurements. Sequence specifications are given in the form you see within the sequence levels, but the illustrations show the complete, multi-level sequence specification. Although all the examples are case-specific, terms are named in a way that highlights their role in solving the trigger problem.

  • Page 79: To Store And Time The Execution Of A Subroutine

    Single-Machine Trigger Examples To store and time the execution of a subroutine To store and time the execution of a subroutine Most system software of any kind is composed of a hierarchy of functions and procedures. During integration, testing, and performance evaluation, you want to look at specific procedures to verify that they are executing correctly and that the implementation is efficient.
  • Page 80 Single-Machine Trigger Examples To store and time the execution of a subroutine The figure below shows what you would see on your analyzer screen after entering the sequence specification given in step 4. Trigger setup for storing and timing execution of a subroutine Suppose you want to trigger on entry to a routine called MY_SUB.

  • Page 81: To Trigger On The Nth Iteration Of A Loop

    Single-Machine Trigger Examples To trigger on the nth iteration of a loop To trigger on the nth iteration of a loop Traditional debugging requires print statements around the area of interest. This is not possible in most embedded systems designs, but the analyzer allows you to view the system’s behavior when a particular event occurs.
  • Page 82 Single-Machine Trigger Examples To trigger on the nth iteration of a loop The specification has some advantages and a potential problem. • The advantages are that a pipelined processor won’t trigger until it has executed the loop 10 times. Requiring LP_END to be seen at least once first ensures that the processor actually entered the loop;...

  • Page 83: To Trigger On The Nth Recursive Call Of A Recursive Function

    Single-Machine Trigger Examples To trigger on the nth recursive call of a recursive function To trigger on the nth recursive call of a recursive function Go to the state analyzer’s Trigger menu. Define the terms CALL_ADD, F_START, and F_END to represent the called address of the recursive function, and the start and end addresses of the function.
  • Page 84 Single-Machine Trigger Examples To trigger on the nth recursive call of a recursive function Triggering on the 10th call of a recursive function...

  • Page 85: To Trigger On Entry To A Function

    Single-Machine Trigger Examples To trigger on entry to a function To trigger on entry to a function This sequence triggers on entry to a function only when it is called by one particular function. Go to the state analyzer’s Trigger menu. Define the terms F1_START and F1_END to represent the start and end addresses of the calling function.

  • Page 86: To Capture A Write Of Known Bad Data To A Particular Variable

    Single-Machine Trigger Examples To capture a write of known bad data to a particular variable To capture a write of known bad data to a particular variable The trigger specification ANDs the bad data on the data bus, the write transaction on the status bus, and the address of the variable on the address bus.

  • Page 87: To Trigger On A Loop That Occasionally Runs Too Long

    Single-Machine Trigger Examples To trigger on a loop that occasionally runs too long To trigger on a loop that occasionally runs too long This example assumes the loop normally executes in 14 µs. Go to the state analyzer’s Trigger menu. Define terms LP_START and LP_END to represent the start and end addresses of the loop, and set Timer1 to the normal duration of the loop.

  • Page 88: To Verify Correct Return From A Function Call

    Single-Machine Trigger Examples To verify correct return from a function call To verify correct return from a function call The exit code for a function will often contain instructions for deallocating stack storage for local variables and restoring registers that were saved during the function call.

  • Page 89: To Trigger After All Status Bus Lines Finish Transitioning

    Single-Machine Trigger Examples To trigger after all status bus lines finish transitioning To trigger after all status bus lines finish transitioning In some applications, you will want to trigger a measurement when a particular pattern has become stable. For example, you might want to trigger the analyzer when a microprocessor’s status bus has become stable during the bus cycle.

  • Page 90: To Find The Nth Assertion Of A Chip Select Line

    Single-Machine Trigger Examples To find the nth assertion of a chip select line To find the nth assertion of a chip select line Go to the timing analyzer’s Trigger menu. Define the Edge1 term to represent the asserting transition on the chip select line.

  • Page 91: To Verify That The Chip Select Line Is Strobed After The Address Is Stable

    Single-Machine Trigger Examples To verify that the chip select line is strobed after the address is stable To verify that the chip select line is strobed after the address is stable Go to the timing analyzer’s Trigger menu. Define a term called ADDRESS to represent the address in question and the Edge1 term to represent the asserting transition on the chip select line.

  • Page 92: To Trigger When Expected Data Does Not Appear When Requested

    Single-Machine Trigger Examples To trigger when expected data does not appear when requested To trigger when expected data does not appear when requested Go to the timing analyzer’s Trigger menu. Define a term called DATA to represent the expected data, the Edge1 term to represent the chip select line of the remote device, and the Timer1 term to identify the time limit for receiving expected data.

  • Page 93: To Test Minimum And Maximum Pulse Limits

    Single-Machine Trigger Examples To test minimum and maximum pulse limits To test minimum and maximum pulse limits Go to the timing analyzer’s Trigger menu. Define the Edge1 term to represent the positive-going transition, and define the Edge2 term to represent the negative-going transition on the line with the pulse to be tested.
  • Page 94 Single-Machine Trigger Examples To test minimum and maximum pulse limits Triggering when a pulse exceeds minimum or maximum limits 5-19...

  • Page 95: To Detect A Handshake Violation

    Single-Machine Trigger Examples To detect a handshake violation To detect a handshake violation Go to the timing analyzer’s Trigger menu. Define the Edge1 term to represent either transition on the first handshake line, and the Edge2 term to represent either transition on the second handshake line.

  • Page 96: To Detect Bus Contention

    Single-Machine Trigger Examples To detect bus contention To detect bus contention In this setup, the trigger occurs only if both devices assert their bus transfer acknowledge lines at the same time. Go to the timing analyzer’s Trigger menu. Define the Edge1 term to represent assertion of the bus transfer acknowledge line of one device, and Edge2 term to represent assertion of the bus transfer acknowledge line of the other device.

  • Page 97: Cross-Arming Trigger Examples

    Cross-Arming Trigger Examples The following examples use cross arming to coordinate measurements between two separate analyzers within the logic analyzer or between analyzers and the oscilloscope. The analyzers can be configured as either a state analyzer and timing analyzer, or two state analyzers. It is not possible to set both to timing.

  • Page 98: To Examine Software Execution When A Timing Violation Occurs

    Cross-Arming Trigger Examples To examine software execution when a timing violation occurs To examine software execution when a timing violation occurs The timing analyzer triggers when the timing violation occurs. When it triggers, it also sets its "arm" level to true. When the state analyzer receives the arm signal, it triggers immediately on the present state.

  • Page 99: To Look At Control And Status Signals During Execution Of A Routine

    Cross-Arming Trigger Examples To look at control and status signals during execution of a routine To look at control and status signals during execution of a routine The state analyzer will trigger on the start of the routine whose control and status signals are to be examined more frequently than once per bus cycle.

  • Page 100: To Detect A Glitch

    Cross-Arming Trigger Examples To detect a glitch To detect a glitch The following setup uses a state analyzer to capture state flow occurring at the time of the glitch. This can be useful in troubleshooting. For example, you might find that the glitch is ground bounce caused by a number of simultaneous signal transitions.

  • Page 101: To Capture The Waveform Of A Glitch

    Cross-Arming Trigger Examples To capture the waveform of a glitch To capture the waveform of a glitch The following setup uses the triggering capability of the timing analyzer and the acquisition capability of the oscilloscope. Set up a timing analyzer. Go to the timing analyzer’s Format menu and set the Timing Acquisition Mode to Glitch Half Channel 125 MHz.

  • Page 102: To View Your Target System Processing An Interrupt

    Cross-Arming Trigger Examples To view your target system processing an interrupt To view your target system processing an interrupt Use the oscilloscope to trigger on the asynchronous interrupt request. Go to the state analyzer’s Trigger menu, and set the analyzer to trigger on any state and store any state.

  • Page 103: To Trigger Timing Analysis Of A Count-Down On A Set Of Data Lines

    Cross-Arming Trigger Examples To trigger timing analysis of a count-down on a set of data lines To trigger timing analysis of a count-down on a set of data lines Your target system may include various state machines that are started by system events such as interrupt processing or I/O activity.

  • Page 104: To Monitor Two Coprocessors In A Target System

    Cross-Arming Trigger Examples To monitor two coprocessors in a target system To monitor two coprocessors in a target system Debugging coprocessor systems can be a complex task. Replicated systems and contention for shared resources increase the potential problems. Using two state analyzers with preprocessors can make it much easier to discover the source of such problems.

  • Page 105: Special Displays

    Special displays Interleaved trace lists Interleaved trace lists allow you to view data captured by two analyzers in a single display. When you interleave the traces, you see each state that was captured by each analyzer. These states are shown on consecutive lines. You can interleave state listings from state analyzers when two are used together in a run.

  • Page 106: To Interleave Trace Lists

    If you have problems with the procedure, check that each analyzer has an independent clock from the target system. Interleaved trace lists on the HP 1661CS 5-31...

  • Page 107: To View Trace Lists And Waveforms On The Same Display

    Special displays To view trace lists and waveforms on the same display To view trace lists and waveforms on the same display Set up a timing and a state analyzer, or a state analyzer and the oscilloscope. Go to the state analyzer’s Trigger menu. Set Count to Time, and set up the trigger as appropriate.
  • Page 108 Special displays To view trace lists and waveforms on the same display Mixed display using timing and state in the HP 1661CS Mixed display using oscilloscope and state in the HP 1661CS 5-33...
  • Page 109 5-34...

  • Page 110: File Management

    File Management...
  • Page 111 The examples store files on the flexible disk drive, but you can move the same files to your host computer using a network interface. The HP 1660CS family of logic analyzers have HP-IB and RS-232-C capabilities, and an optional Ethernet interface. If you need help using the optional LAN interface, see the LAN User’s Guide.

  • Page 112: Transferring Files Using The Flexible Disk Drive

    Transferring Files Using the Flexible Disk Drive Because the flexible disk drive on the HP 1660CS-series logic analyzer will read and write double-sided, double-density or high-density disks in MS-DOS format, it is a useful tool for transferring data to and from IBM PC-compatible computers as well as transferring data to and from other systems that can read and write MS-DOS format.

  • Page 113: To Save A Configuration

    File Management To save a configuration To save a configuration You can save configurations on a 3.5-inch disk or on the internal hard disk for later use. This is especially useful for automating repetitive measurements for production testing. Go to the System Hard Disk or System Flexible Disk menu. Set the field under System to Store.
  • Page 114 File Management To save a configuration Saving the system configuration for programmatic control...

  • Page 115: To Load A Configuration

    File Management To load a configuration To load a configuration You can quickly load a previously saved configuration, saving the trouble of manually setting up the measurement parameters. Go to the System Hard Disk or System Flexible Disk menu. Your choice here depends on where you saved the configuration. Select the field below System and select Load from the pop-up menu.

  • Page 116: To Save A Listing In Ascii Format

    File Management To save a listing in ASCII format To save a listing in ASCII format Some screens, such as file lists and trace lists, contain columns of ASCII data that you may want to move to a computer for further manipulation or analysis.

  • Page 117: To Save A Screen's Image

    File Management To save a screen’s image To save a screen’s image You can save menus and measurements to disk in one of four different graphical formats. Insert a formatted flexible disk in the flexible disk drive. Set up the menu whose image you want to capture, or run a measurement from which you want to save data.

  • Page 118: To Load Additional Software

    To load additional software To load additional software You can enhance the power of your HP 1660CS-series logic analyzer by installing software such as symbol utilities. The software comes with installation instructions. In general, however, you can install logic analyzer software by following these instructions.
  • Page 119 6-10...

  • Page 120: Reference

    Reference...
  • Page 121 Logic Analyzer Description The HP 1660CS-series logic analyzers are part of a family of general- purpose logic analyzers. The HP 1660CS-series consists of four models ranging in channel width from 34 channels to 136 channels, with 100-MHz state and 500-MHz timing speeds and 1 GSa/s oscilloscope sampling rate.

  • Page 122: Configuration Capabilities

    Configuration Capabilities The four analyzer models in the HP 1660CS-series offer a wide variety of channel widths and memory depth combinations. The number of data channels range from 34 channels with the HP 1663CS, up to 136 channels with the HP 1660CS. In addition, a half-channel acquisition mode is available which doubles memory depth from 4 K to 8 K per channel while reducing channel width by half.
  • Page 123 Configuration Capabilities Table 7-2 Timing Analyzer Configurations Mode HP 1660CS HP 1661CS HP 1662CS HP 1663CS Conventional 8K-deep / 68 8K-deep / 51 8K-deep / 34 8K-deep / 17 half-channel chan. 65 data chan. 48 data chan. 32 data chan. 16 data...

  • Page 124: Probing

    Standard general-purpose probing (provided). • Direct connection to a 20-pin, 3M-Series type header connector using the optional termination adapter. Accessories for HP Logic Analyzers for additional information about See Also the microprocessor interface kits and for any new probing solutions.
  • Page 125 Bus interfaces will support bus analysis for the following: • Bus support for HP-IB, RS-232-C, RS-449, SCSI, VME, and VXI. General-Purpose Probing General-purpose probing connects the logic analyzer probes directly to your target system without using any interface. General-purpose probing does not limit you to specific hookup schemes.
  • Page 126 Probing The Termination Adapter The logic analyzer must be properly terminated to operate correctly. Most HP preprocessor interfaces have properly terminated state connectors; however, many of them require termination adapters for the timing connectors. The optional termination adapter allows you to connect the logic analyzer probe cables directly to test ports on your target system without the probes.

  • Page 127: General-Purpose Probing System Description

    Probing General-purpose probing system description General-purpose probing system description The standard probing system provided with the logic analyzer consists of a probe tip assembly, probe cable, and grabbers. Because of the passive design of the probes, there are no active circuits at the outer end of the cable. The rest of this chapter is dedicated to general-purpose probing.
  • Page 128 Probing General-purpose probing system description Probe and Pod Grounding Each pod is grounded by a long, black, pod ground lead. You can connect the ground lead directly to a ground pin on your target system or use a grabber. To connect the ground lead to grounded pins on your target system, you must use 0.63-mm (0.025-in) square pins, or use round pins with a diameter of 0.66 mm (0.026 in) to 0.84 mm (0.033 in).
  • Page 129 Probing General-purpose probing system description Grabbers The grabbers have a small hook that fits around the IC pins and component leads. The grabbers have been designed to fit on adjacent IC pins on either through-hole or surface-mount components with lead spacing greater than or equal to 0.050 inches.

  • Page 130: Oscilloscope Probes

    Probing Oscilloscope probes Oscilloscope probes The two oscilloscope probes supplied with the logic analyzer are HP 10430A Miniature Passive Probes. These small, lightweight probes allow measurements that were previously very difficult in densely populated circuits. For complete information on the operation, maintenance, and adjustments of the miniature passive probes, be sure to read the operating note that is packaged with the probes.

  • Page 131: Assembling The Probing System

    Probing Assembling the probing system Assembling the probing system The general-purpose probing system components are assembled as shown to make a connection between the measured signal line and the pods displayed in the Analyzer Format menu. Connecting probe cables to the logic analyzer 7-12...
  • Page 132 Connecting Probe Cables to the Logic Analyzer All probe cables are installed at Hewlett-Packard. If you need to replace a probe cable, refer to the HP 1660CS/CS-Series Logic Analyzers Service Guide, available from your HP sales office. Connecting the Probe Tip Assembly to the Probe Cable To connect a probe tip assembly to a cable, align the key on the cable connector with the slot on the probe housing and press them together.
  • Page 133 Probing Assembling the probing system Disconnecting Probe Leads from Probe Tip Assemblies When you receive the logic analyzer, the probe leads are already installed in the probe tip assemblies. To keep unused probe leads out of your way during a measurement, you can disconnect them from the pod. To disconnect a probe lead, insert the tip of a ballpoint pen into the latch opening.
  • Page 134 Probing Assembling the probing system Connecting the Grabbers to the Probes Connect the grabbers to the probe leads by slipping the connector at the end of the probe onto the recessed pin located in the side of the grabber. If you need to use grabbers for either the pod or the probe grounds, connect the grabbers to the ground leads in the same manner.

  • Page 135: Keyboard Shortcuts

    Keyboard Shortcuts This section explains how to use the optional keyboard interface (HP E2427B Keyboard Kit). You can use the keyboard interchangeably with the knob and front-panel keypad for all menu applications. The keyboard functions fall into the two basic categories of cursor movement and data entry.

  • Page 136: Entering Data Into A Menu

    Pressing either the Return key or the Enter key will terminate data entry for that item. Using the keyboard overlays A keyboard overlay is included in the HP E2427B Keyboard Kit. The table below represents the key mappings. Functions Like...

  • Page 137: Common Menu Fields

    Common Menu Fields There are a number of fields that appear throughout the different menus that have similar operation. These common fields are listed below: • Mode (System/Analyzer/Scope) field • Menu field • Print field • Run field • Base field •...

  • Page 138: Print Field

    Common Menu Fields Print field Print field The Print field prints what is displayed on the screen at the time you initiate the printout. When you select the Print field, a print selection pop-up appears showing you one or more of the following options: •...

  • Page 139: Run/Stop Field

    Common Menu Fields Run/Stop field Print All The Print All option prints not only what is displayed on the screen, but data that is below the screen. This option is only available when an ASCII form of the screen is possible. For example, Print All is never available in Waveform. When you select Print All with a Listing menu, make sure the first line you wish to print is in the state location box (data row field) at the center of the listing area.

  • Page 140: Roll Fields

    Common Menu Fields Roll fields Roll fields Some data may not fit on screen when there are many pods or labels to display. When this happens, it is indicated by the Label/Base field becoming selectable and its color changing to the common field color. To move through the hidden data, select the field, wait for the roll indicator to appear, and then use the knob to move through the data.

  • Page 141: Disk Drive Operations

    Disk Drive Operations The logic analyzer has a built-in 3.5-inch, double-sided, high-density or double-density, flexible disk drive. The disk drive is compatible with both LIF (Logical Interchange Format) and DOS (Disk Operating System) formats. It also has an internal hard disk drive, which performs the same operations as the flexible disk drive.
  • Page 142 Disk Drive Operations Disk operations • Make Directory Creates a new directory on a DOS disk. You can save or copy files to the new directory using the store and copy commands. This is not available with LIF disks. • Pack Disk Removes all empty or unused sectors between files on a LIF disk so that more space is available.

  • Page 143: Autoload

    Disk Drive Operations Autoload Autoload The Autoload operation allows you to designate a set of configuration files to be loaded automatically the next time the analyzer is turned on. Autoload can change the default configuration of certain features to one that better fits your needs.

  • Page 144: Load And Store

    System files store system configurations. System information for the HP 1660CS-series consists of settings for printer, controller, RS-232-C, HP-IB, shade, and sound. LAN settings are not saved. System configuration files end in two underscores and have a file type of 16[6/7]x_config.

  • Page 145: The Rs-232-C, Hp-Ib, And Centronics Interfaces

    Controller interface The logic analyzer is equipped with a standard RS-232-C interface and an HP-IB interface that allow you to connect to a controller. Either interface gives you remote access for running measurements, for uploading and downloading configurations and data, and connecting to printers. If you purchased the optional Ethernet LAN interface, it can also be used for controlling the logic analyzer.

  • Page 146: The Hp-Ib Interface

    HP-IB interface setting configurable from the logic analyzer. The HP-IB address can be set to 31 different HP-IB addresses, from 0 to 30. Simply choose a compatible address for your device and software. The default address for all HP-IB logic analyzers is 7. In the System External I/O menu, select HP-IB Settings and then set the Address field to your address.

  • Page 147: The Centronics Interface

    With a full 5-wire interface, selecting None allows a hardware handshake to occur. With a hardware handshake, hardware signals control data flow. The HP 13242G cable allows the logic analyzer to support hardware handshake. The Centronics interface The Centronics interface is an industry-standard parallel printer interface.

  • Page 148: System Utilities

    System Utilities The System Utilities menu is used for setting system level parameters such as the system clock, display intensity for each shade, and the sound. From this menu you can also rewrite the analyzer’s memory with any new revisions of the operating system. Real Time Clock Adjustments field A real-time clock is displayed in the Waveform and Listing menus.

  • Page 149: Shade Adjustments

    System Utilities Shade adjustments Select Update FLASH ROM. The analyzer warns, "Selecting Continue Will Erase & Update Flash ROMs." and waits for you to select Cancel or Continue. If you select Continue, the analyzer will be reset. If you need to save the measurement data, select Cancel.

  • Page 150: The Analyzer Configuration Menu

    The Analyzer Configuration Menu Type field The Type field allows you to configure the analyzer with either an internal clock (Timing mode) or an external clock (State and SPA). When the Type field is selected, the following choices are available. Timing When Timing is selected, the analyzer uses its own internal clock to clock measurement data into the acquisition memory.

  • Page 151: The Analyzer Format Menu

    The Analyzer Format Menu Pod threshold field The pod threshold field is used to set a voltage level that the data must reach before the analyzer recognizes and displays it as a change in logic levels. Threshold levels apply to single pods, and cover both data and clock channels. TTL When TTL is selected as the threshold level, the data signals must reach +1.5 volts.

  • Page 152: Timing Acquisition Modes (Timing Only)

    The Analyzer Format Menu Timing acquisition modes (timing only) Timing acquisition modes (timing only) The Timing Acquisition mode field identifies the acquisition type, the channel width, and sampling speed of the present acquisition mode. There are three acquisition modes, and a total of five configurations. Conventional Acquisition Mode In Conventional Acquisition mode, the analyzer stores measurement data at each sampling interval.

  • Page 153: Clock Inputs Display

    1/2, the L and M with pod pair 3/4, and N and P with pod pairs 7/8 for the HP 1660 and 5/6 for the HP 1661. In a model with more than three pod pairs, all other clock lines are displayed to the left of the displayed master clocks, and are used as only data channels.
  • Page 154 The Analyzer Format Menu Pod clock field (State only) Master This option specifies that data on all pods designated "Master Clock," in the same analyzer, are strobed into memory when the status of the clock lines match the clocking arrangement specified under the Master Clock. See Also "Master and Slave Clock fields"...
  • Page 155 The Analyzer Format Menu Pod clock field (State only) Channel assignments are displayed as Demux Master and Demux Slave. For easy recognition of the two sets of data, assign slave and master data to separate labels. When the analyzer sees a match between the slave clock input and the Slave Clock arrangement, Demux Slave data is latched.

  • Page 156: Master And Slave Clock Fields (State Only)

    The Analyzer Format Menu Master and Slave Clock fields (State only) Master and Slave Clock fields (State only) The Master and Slave Clock fields are used to construct a clocking arrangement. A clocking arrangement is the assignment of appropriate clocks, clock edges, and clock qualifier levels which allow the analyzer to synchronize itself on valid data.
  • Page 157 The Analyzer Format Menu Master and Slave Clock fields (State only) Clock edges are ORed to clock edges, clock qualifiers are ANDed to clock edges, and clock qualifiers can be either ANDed or ORed together. All clock and qualifier combinations on the left side of the graphic line are ORed to all combinations on the right side of the line.
  • Page 158 The Analyzer Format Menu Master and Slave Clock fields (State only) Setup/Hold field Setup/Hold, in the Master and Slave clock fields, adjusts the relative position of the clock edge with respect to the time period that data is valid. When the Setup/Hold field is selected, a configuration menu appears.

  • Page 159: Symbols Field

    When measurements are made, the mnemonic is displayed where the bit pattern occurs using the selected symbol base. You can also download compiled symbol tables using HP E2450A Symbol Utility, which is supplied with the logic analyzer. See Also HP E2450A Symbol Utility User’s Guide for more information on...

  • Page 160: Label Fields

    The Analyzer Format Menu Label fields Symbol Width field The Symbol Width field specifies how many characters of the symbol name will be displayed when the symbol is referenced in the Trigger, Waveform, and Listing menus. You can display from 1 to 16 characters of the symbol name.

  • Page 161: Label Polarity Fields

    The Analyzer Format Menu Label polarity fields Channels assigned to a label are numbered from right to left by the logic analyzer. The least significant assigned channel on the far right is numbered 0, the next assigned channel is numbered 1, and all other channels assigned sequentially up to the maximum of 16 per pod.

  • Page 162: The Analyzer Trigger Menu

    The Analyzer Trigger Menu Trigger sequence levels Sequence levels are the definable stages of the total trigger specification. Individual sequence levels are assigned using either a pre-defined trigger macro or a user-level trigger macro. The total trigger specification can contain both kinds of macro. See Also Chapter 4, "Using the Trigger Menu,"...

  • Page 163: Timing Trigger Macro Library

    The Analyzer Trigger Menu Timing trigger macro library When the macro is in a broken-down form, you can change the structure. However, when the macros are restored, all changes are lost and any branching that is part of the original structure is restored. Use Break Down Macros if you want to view a particular macro part in its long form to see the exact sequence flow.
  • Page 164 The Analyzer Trigger Menu Timing trigger macro library 4. Find edge This macro becomes true when the designated edge is seen. It uses one internal sequence level. 5. Find Nth occurrence of an edge This macro becomes true when it finds the designated occurrence of a designated edge.

  • Page 165: State Trigger Macro Library

    The Analyzer Trigger Menu State trigger macro library Delay 1. Wait "t" seconds This macro becomes true after a designated time period has expired. It uses one internal sequence level. State trigger macro library The following list contains all the macros in the library of state trigger macros.
  • Page 166 The Analyzer Trigger Menu State trigger macro library 2. Find too few states between event 1 and event 2 This macro becomes true when a designated pattern 1 is seen, followed by a designated pattern 2, and with less than a selected number of states occurring between the two patterns.

  • Page 167: Modifying The User Macro

    The Analyzer Trigger Menu Modifying the user macro Modifying the user macro Before you begin building a trigger specification using the user macro, it should be noted that in most cases one of the pre-defined trigger macros will work. If you need to accommodate a specific trigger condition, or you prefer to construct a trigger specification from scratch, use the User macro as a starting point.
  • Page 168 The Analyzer Trigger Menu Modifying the user macro Using bit patterns, ranges, and edges Bit patterns are set to match specific data values, and ranges are set to match a range of bit patterns. In the Timing Acquisition mode, edges are set to match specific edges of a timing pulse.
  • Page 169 The Analyzer Trigger Menu Modifying the user macro As more sequence levels are added, the timer status in the new levels defaults to Off. Timers must be continued or started in each new level as appropriate. When a timer expires or stops, its count resets to zero. Branching If either the less than or greater than duration is used, only the primary branch is available.

  • Page 170: Resource Terms

    The Analyzer Trigger Menu Resource terms Resource terms Resource terms are user-defined variables that are assigned to sequence levels. They are placed into the sequence statement where their bit pattern or edge type is searched for within the data stream. When a match is found, a branch is initiated and the next statement or sequence level is acted upon.
  • Page 171 The Analyzer Trigger Menu Resource terms Global timers 1 and 2 In addition to the resource terms available, there are two global timers available. Each timer can be started, paused, continued, or stopped, from any sequence level except the first. Assigning resource term names and values The Terms field identifies the list of available resource terms within the analyzer.
  • Page 172 The Analyzer Trigger Menu Resource terms Assigning Bit by Bit Bit pattern terms Just to the right of the bit pattern name fields are the term assignment fields. When any of the individual assignment fields are selected, a keypad appears. Use this keypad to assign real values or Don’t Care (X) values.

  • Page 173: Arming Control Field

    The Analyzer Trigger Menu Arming Control field Arming Control field Arming Control sets up the order of triggering for complicated measurements involving more than one machine. You can set the analyzer or oscilloscope to begin running when it receives a signal from an external machine, have one analyzer start the other or the scope, have the scope start an analyzer, or have an analyzer or the scope send a signal to another external machine.
  • Page 174 The Analyzer Trigger Menu Arming Control field trigger sequence level for the arm term, the analyzer begins evaluating the rest of that sequence level. However, if the arm term is not part of the current sequence level, the preceding sequencing could trigger the analyzer before the arm term is seen.

  • Page 175: Acquisition Control Field

    The Analyzer Trigger Menu Acquisition Control field the oscilloscope is armed by an analyzer, the oscilloscope can only be armed by the same analyzer that arms Port Out. Acquisition Control field Selecting the Acquisition Control field pops up the Acquisition Control menu. The Acquisition Control menu sets the acquisition mode, the trigger position within acquisition memory, and the sample period.

  • Page 176: Count Field (State Only)

    The Analyzer Trigger Menu Count field (State only) Branches Taken Stored / Not Stored field The Branches Taken field is a toggle field that sets the analyzer to store, or not to store, the resource term that sent the analyzer off on a branch. As the analyzer steps through the sequence instructions, it may take either branch of a sequence level.

  • Page 177: The Analyzer Listing Menu

    The Analyzer Listing Menu Markers The Markers field accesses the markers selection menu. When the Markers field is selected, a marker selection menu appears with the marker choices appropriate for the present analyzer configuration. The Off selection turns off marker operations but does not turn off operations based on the markers.
  • Page 178 The Analyzer Listing Menu Markers Off The Off selection turns all Stop measurement operations off. If the stop measurement operation is not turned off and the stop measurement criteria is met, the measurement will stop even though the markers are set to other types or turned off.

  • Page 179: The Analyzer Waveform Menu

    The Analyzer Waveform Menu sec/Div field When acquisition control is set to automatic, the sec/Div field affects the sample period. Timing waveforms are reconstructed relative to the sample period. A shorter sample period puts more sample points on the waveform for a more accurate reconstruction but also fills memory more quickly.

  • Page 180: Waveform Label Field

    The Analyzer Waveform Menu Waveform label field Waveform label field The waveform label field, located on the left side of the waveform display, is both a display and configuration field for timing waveforms and oscilloscope waveforms. After all desired waveforms are configured for display, they are listed in the waveform label field.

  • Page 181: Waveform Display

    The Analyzer Waveform Menu Waveform display Waveform display Display location reference line At the bottom of the Waveform menu is a reference line which displays the relative location of the display window, the markers, and the trigger point with reference to the total memory. Total memory is represented by a horizontal dotted line.

  • Page 182: The Analyzer Mixed Display Menu

    The Analyzer Mixed Display Menu The Mixed Display menu combines a state listing display located at the top of the menu and a timing waveform and/or oscilloscope display located at the bottom of the menu. The Mixed Display menu shows both state and timing data, state data and oscilloscope waveform, or state data and timing waveform and oscilloscope waveform in the same display.

  • Page 183: Time-Correlated Displays

    The Analyzer Mixed Display Menu Time-correlated displays Time-correlated displays Once the Time markers are set in the Waveform display area of the Mixed Display menu, time-correlated X and O Time markers will be displayed in both the listing and the waveform display areas. Markers The markers in the Mixed Display menu are not the same as the markers in the individual Listing and Waveform menus.

  • Page 184: The Analyzer Chart Menu

    The Analyzer Chart Menu State Chart is a software post-processing feature that provides the ability to build x-y charts of label activity using state data. The Chart menu builds a graphical representation of the system under test. The Y axis always represents data values for a specified label. You can select whether the X axis represents states (rows in the state listing) or the data values for another label.

  • Page 185: Min And Max Scaling Fields

    The Analyzer Chart Menu Min and Max scaling fields Min and Max scaling fields When State is selected for the X axis, the minimum and maximum values can range from −8192 to +8192 depending on the trace point location. When Label is selected for either axis, the minimum and maximum values range from 00000000hex to FFFFFFFFhex regardless of the axis, because labels are restricted to 32 bits.

  • Page 186: The Analyzer Compare Menu

    The Analyzer Compare Menu State Compare is a software postprocessing feature that provides the ability to do a bit-by-bit comparison between the acquired state data listing and a reference listing. State Compare is only available when at least one analyzer is configured as a State analyzer. The comparison between the acquired state listing data and the data in the reference listing is done relative to the trigger points.

  • Page 187: Reference Listing Field

    The Analyzer Compare Menu Reference Listing field Reference Listing field The Reference listing and Difference listing field is a toggle field that switches the listing type between the Reference image listing and the Difference listing. The Reference listing is a display of the image (or template) that acquired data is compared to during a comparison measurement.

  • Page 188: Copy Listing To Reference Field

    The Analyzer Compare Menu Copy Listing to Reference field Copy Listing to Reference field The initial Reference image is generated by either copying the data listing from the listing menu or by loading an analyzer configuration file which contains a Reference listing. Be aware that if you load an analyzer configuration to get a Reference image, the other menu setups will change.

  • Page 189: Mask Field

    The Analyzer Compare Menu Mask field Mask field The channel masking field is used to specify a bit, or bits in each label that you do not want compared. This causes the corresponding bits in all states to be ignored in the comparison. The Reference data image itself remains unchanged on the display.

  • Page 190: Oscilloscope Common Menus

    Oscilloscope Common Menus The following options apply to all of the oscilloscope menus. Run/Stop options There are three ways you can manually run and stop the oscilloscope: the Autoscale menu, the Run and Stop keys, and the Run/Stop field. Single and Repetitive modes Single mode acquisition fills acquisition memory once with 8000 samples of the input waveform, automatically stops running, then displays the contents of acquisition memory.

  • Page 191: Autoscale

    Oscilloscope Common Menus Autoscale Autoscale Autoscale is an algorithm that automatically optimizes the display of one or more waveforms. When you select the Autoscale field and choose Continue, the autoscale algorithm starts. What the Autoscale algorithm does when a signal is found The autoscale algorithm first checks all input channels to determine whether or not there are any signals present.

  • Page 192: Time Base

    Oscilloscope Common Menus Time base Menus and fields changed by the Autoscale algorithm The following table shows the menus and their fields that are changed by the autoscale algorithm. Settings Changed by Autoscale Menu Field Autoscale Action Channel V/Div Scaled - depending on amplitude of input signal. Offset Scaled - depending on offset of input signal.

  • Page 193: The Scope Channel Menu

    The Scope Channel Menu The Channel menu selects the channel input and the values that control the vertical sensitivity, offset, probe attenuation factor, input impedance, and coupling. The Channel menu also gives you preset vertical sensitivity, offset, and trigger level values for ECL and TTL logic levels.

  • Page 194: Probe Field

    The Scope Channel Menu Probe field Probe field You use the Probe field to set the probe attenuation factor for the input channel currently displayed in the Input field. Probe attenuation factor The probe attenuation factor can be set from 1:1 to 1000:1 in increments of one.

  • Page 195: The Scope Display Menu

    The Scope Display Menu The Display options control how the oscilloscope acquires and displays waveforms. Mode field The Mode field provides three selections: Normal, Average, or Accumulate. Normal mode In Normal mode, the oscilloscope acquires waveform data and displays the waveform acquired from that data.

  • Page 196: Connect Dots Field

    The Scope Display Menu Connect Dots field averaged mode trace with other time correlated waveforms, bring those other waveforms into the display of the channel that is setup for average mode. Accumulate mode In Accumulate mode, the oscilloscope accumulates all waveform acquisitions and displays them on the screen without erasing the previously acquired waveforms.

  • Page 197: Display Options Field

    The Scope Display Menu Display Options field Display Options field The Display Options field allows you to display either sample period information or marker value information on the oscilloscope menus, and also provides access to the scope channel labeling menu. The Display Options field appears on the Channel, Trigger, Display and Auto-Measure menus.

  • Page 198: The Scope Trigger Menu

    The Scope Trigger Menu The Scope Trigger menu allows you to choose the method you want to use to trigger the oscilloscope for a particular application. Trigger marker The trigger marker is the dotted vertical line at the center of the waveform display.
  • Page 199 The Scope Trigger Menu Mode/Arm menu Pattern Pattern trigger mode allows you to trigger the oscilloscope upon entering or exiting a specified pattern of the trigger channels or by specifying a pattern duration time or range. Each entry in the pattern shown in the Pattern row shows the trigger condition of the input above it in the Channel row.

  • Page 200: Level Field

    The Scope Trigger Menu Level field Level field The Level field shows the voltage value of the trigger level. When the voltage value on the trigger source input waveform equals the trigger level voltage value, the oscilloscope triggers. When you change the trigger level voltage value, the waveform moves horizontally on the display to maintain the trigger point.

  • Page 201: Source Field

    The Scope Trigger Menu Source field of 2 mV (V/Div = 100 mV x 4 x 0.005 = 2 mV). Values entered that are not in this range will be rounded to the nearest 0.05% increment. Since the trigger level range is limited by the voltage values displayed in the waveform window, the voltage window limits can be easily determined.

  • Page 202: Slope Field

    The Scope Trigger Menu Slope field Slope field You can set the trigger slope to trigger on either the positive or negative edge of the trigger source waveform. When you select the Slope field, the field toggles between Positive and Negative. The default selection for the Slope field is Positive.

  • Page 203: Auto-Trig Field

    The Scope Trigger Menu Auto-Trig field Auto-Trig field The Auto-Trig field allows you to specify whether or not the acquisitions should wait for the specified trigger condition to occur. When you select the Auto-Trig field, the field toggles between On and Off. The On and Off fields are discussed below.

  • Page 204: When Field

    The Scope Trigger Menu When field When field The When field appears only when Pattern mode is selected. When you select this field, a pop-up menu appears that lets you specify the trigger When condition. Pattern When condition pop-up menu The Pattern When pop-up menu is used to specify the trigger-when condition for pattern triggering.
  • Page 205 The Scope Trigger Menu When field specification of HX, a duration specification of >100 ns, and a count of 3, a pulse string with pulse widths 80 ns, 150 ns, 50 ns, 75 ns, 20 ns, 200 ns would trigger on the trailing edge of the 75 ns pulse. In this example, the 150 ns pulse meets the duration specification and is count 1, the 50 ns pulse is count 2, and the 75 ns pulse is count 3.

  • Page 206: Count Field

    The Scope Trigger Menu Count field The minimum pattern duration time can be any value between 20 ns and 160 ms in 10 ns steps. The maximum pattern duration time must be at least 10 ns greater than the minimum time value. If the count set in the Count field is one, the trigger event will be the first pattern event that meets both the pattern specification and the duration specification.

  • Page 207: The Scope Marker Menu

    The Scope Marker Menu The oscilloscope has two sets of markers that allow you to make time and voltage measurements. These measurements can be made either manually (voltage and time markers) or automatically (time markers only). The markers are accessed when you select the Markers choice on the oscilloscope menu pop-up.
  • Page 208 The Scope Marker Menu Manual time markers options When you select the Trig to X field and turn the knob, the Tx marker will move across the display. As you move the marker, the time value in the Trig to X field changes. A negative time value indicates the marker is placed before the trigger point, and a positive time value indicates the marker is placed after the trigger point.

  • Page 209: Automatic Time Markers Options

    The Scope Marker Menu Automatic time markers options Automatic time markers options When you select the T Markers field, a pop-up menu appears. When you choose the Auto field in the pop-up a pop-up menu for automatic time marker measurements is displayed. The automatic time marker measurements are made by setting the time markers to levels that are a percentage of the top-to-base voltage value of a waveform or to specific voltage levels.
  • Page 210 The Scope Marker Menu Automatic time markers options Type field The Type field selects the units in which an automatic time marker level will be specified. The automatic time marker can have a level expressed as either a percentage of the waveform top-base voltage (Percent) or as an absolute voltage level (Absolute).
  • Page 211 The Scope Marker Menu Automatic time markers options Statistics field The Statistics field allows you to make minimum, maximum, and mean time interval measurements from marker Tx to marker To. When you select the Statistics field, it toggles between On and Off. The default selection for the Statistics field is On.
  • Page 212 The Scope Marker Menu Automatic time markers options Resolution is 10 ps up to ±99.99 ns, and can be set to 5-digit resolution otherwise. Positive times are used when the Tx marker is displayed before the To marker, and negative times are used when the To marker is displayed before the Tx marker.

  • Page 213: Manual/Automatic Time Markers Option

    The Scope Marker Menu Manual/Automatic Time Markers option Manual/Automatic Time Markers option The manual/automatic combination allows you to have one time marker set to automatic mode and one time marker set to be controlled manually with the knob. Setting the Manual/Automatic Time Markers Option To set the manual/automatic option, you select the T Markers field and choose the Auto field from the pop-up.
  • Page 214 The Scope Marker Menu Voltage Markers options The channel selected for assignment to the Va marker does not have to be displayed in the waveform area. If the selected waveform is not in the waveform area of the screen, the Va marker will not be displayed. If there are multiple occurrences of the selected waveform in the waveform area of the screen, only the uppermost occurrence of the waveform will display the Va marker.

  • Page 215: Channel Label Field

    The Scope Marker Menu Channel Label field V Marker value display Any time the markers (either voltage and/or time) are turned on, the current marker settings may be displayed on the channel, trigger, display and auto-measure menus by using the Display Options field located to the right of the timebase Delay field.

  • Page 216: The Scope Auto Measure Menu

    The Scope Auto Measure Menu One of the primary features of the oscilloscope is its ability to make parametric measurements on displayed waveforms. This section provides details on how automatic measurements are performed and gives some tips on how to improve automatic measurement results. There are nine automatic measurements available in the automatic measurement menu: Period...
  • Page 217 The Scope Auto Measure Menu Automatic measurements display Measurement setup requirements Measurements typically should be made at the fastest possible sweep speed in order to obtain the most accurate measurement possible. You can only make automatic measurements with data that is currently being displayed in the waveform display area.

  • Page 218: Automatic Measurement Algorithms

    The Scope Auto Measure Menu Automatic measurement algorithms Automatic measurement algorithms The following explains top and base voltages, then defines the measurement algorithms. Top and base voltages All measurements except Vp_p are calculated using the V (100% voltage) and V (0% voltage) levels of the displayed waveform.
  • Page 219 The Scope Auto Measure Menu Automatic measurement algorithms Measurement algorithms Frequency (Freq) The frequency of the first complete cycle displayed is measured using the 50% levels. If the first edge on the display is rising, then Freq = − t rising edge 2 rising edge 1 If the first edge on the display is falling, then...
  • Page 220 The Scope Auto Measure Menu Automatic measurement algorithms Rise time The rise time of the first displayed rising edge is measured. To obtain the best possible measurement accuracy, set the sweep speed as fast as possible while leaving the full leading edge of the waveform on the display.
  • Page 221 7-102...

  • Page 222: System Performance Analysis (Spa) Software

    System Performance Analysis (SPA) Software...

  • Page 223: System Performance Analysis Software

    To be successful with this software, you should be familiar with the operation of the logic analyzer. The screen shots shown in this chapter are HP 16550A screens. If you are using an HP 1660- or HP 1670-series logic analyzer, your screens will be similar.
  • Page 224 Part 3 is optional. If you are an experienced user, the last sections will help you with your SPA measurements. Use the first three sections for review when necessary. If you need programming information, refer to the HP 1670A-Series Logic Analyzers Programmer’s Guide, available from your HP sales office.

  • Page 225: What Is System Performance Analysis

    System Performance Analysis (SPA) Software What is System Performance Analysis? What is System Performance Analysis? The logic analyzer’s state or timing analyzer is used to make quantitative measurements on specific events in the target system. For example, they can measure a specific time interval on a microprocessor’s control lines or can find out how a particular subroutine was called.
  • Page 226 System Performance Analysis (SPA) Software What is System Performance Analysis? • The Y axis is the relative number of occurrences in each bucket. • Maximum value of the Y axis is constantly updated to reflect the number of occurrences in the bucket that has the most occurrences, and is displayed as "Max count."...

  • Page 227: Getting Started

    System Performance Analysis (SPA) Software Getting started Getting started This section describes how to access the System Performance Analysis (SPA) menus. Also, it describes selecting the SPA modes and setting the specifications. Accessing the menus The SPA menus are accessed through the Analyzer Configuration menu. When the configuration menu is displayed, select the Type field and choose SPA from the pop-up.
  • Page 228 System Performance Analysis (SPA) Software Getting started Setting up the State Format specification When a State or Timing analyzer is changed to SPA, SPA will retain the State or Timing Format specification. For complete details on changing from a State or Timing Analyzer to SPA, see "Using SPA with other features." The State and Timing format specification menus provide symbol tables.

  • Page 229: Spa Measurement Processes

    System Performance Analysis (SPA) Software SPA measurement processes SPA measurement processes This section introduces you to the measurement processes of the System Performance Analysis (SPA) software. It tells you how to select the appropriate trace mode and labels. It also explains how SPA samples and sorts data.
  • Page 230 System Performance Analysis (SPA) Software SPA measurement processes has been sorted, the histograms and displayed statistics are updated, and the analyzer is re-armed for the next acquisition. Refer to the following sections on the three trace modes for details on sorting criteria and statistical computation.
  • Page 231 System Performance Analysis (SPA) Software SPA measurement processes divided equally among 256 buckets. For example, if the range defined by the low and high values is 1100, then 1100 divided by 256 equals 4.29. This value will be rounded up to 5, each bucket will have a range of 5, and only 220 buckets will be used (1100/5 = 220).
  • Page 232 System Performance Analysis (SPA) Software SPA measurement processes Example State Overview example An example of a State Overview measurement is testing for access to a reserved area of memory. In this case, the address bus of the target system would need to be grouped under a single label, such as ADDR. By selecting the ADDR label in State Overview mode, and by defining the full range of the label (Low value = 0000, High value = FFFF with a 16-bit ADDR label), activity over the entire address range can be monitored.
  • Page 233 System Performance Analysis (SPA) Software SPA measurement processes State Histogram mode State Histogram mode displays relative activity of ranges of a specified label. The ranges can also be compared to activity on the rest of the label not defined in the ranges. Data qualification is possible with State Histogram, so data can be filtered during acquisition.
  • Page 234 System Performance Analysis (SPA) Software SPA measurement processes If a range has a low and high value and a name defined, and the range is turned off, it will retain the low and high value and name when turned back User-defined ranges vs.
  • Page 235 System Performance Analysis (SPA) Software SPA measurement processes the Format Specification as a combination of values, in the current base, and don’t cares. For example, a microprocessor target system memory may contain two arrays. In State Histogram, the address ranges of the arrays can be defined and the relative activity in the arrays monitored.
  • Page 236 System Performance Analysis (SPA) Software SPA measurement processes Time Interval mode Time Interval mode shows distribution of execution time of a single event. The event is defined by specifying Start and End conditions as patterns across all labels defined in the Format Specification. Data sampling and sorting When you press Run, the analyzer samples the target system using the definitions entered in the Format Specification.
  • Page 237 System Performance Analysis (SPA) Software SPA measurement processes Auto-range feature will automatically scale the eight ranges. The minimum allowable limit is 0 ns, the maximum 9,999,999 seconds. Ranges do not have to be contiguous. However, gaps between ranges increase the risk of missed data. If two ranges overlap, data will be counted in both ranges.
  • Page 238 System Performance Analysis (SPA) Software SPA measurement processes Example Time Interval example A team of applications programmers is writing a math package for a spreadsheet. They need to develop standards for the various math functions. Using time interval mode, they can test the execution time of each of the math functions.
  • Page 239 You connect the HP logic analyzer to the address bus of your system. In the Format Specification, you define a 32-bit label called ADDR and the state clocking.
  • Page 240 System Performance Analysis (SPA) Software SPA measurement processes Next, you go to the State Histogram menu and enter the names and boundaries of the five routines in the state histogram ranges. State Histogram then displays the relative activity of the five routines. After several acquisitions, it is apparent that the interrupt routine is being accessed more often than expected.
  • Page 241 System Performance Analysis (SPA) Software SPA measurement processes SPA Time Interval 8-20...

  • Page 242: Using State Overview, State Histogram, And Time Interval

    System Performance Analysis (SPA) Software Using State Overview, State Histogram, and Time Interval Using State Overview, State Histogram, and Time Interval This section explains how to select the display fields, set up the logic analyzer and use the State Overview, State Histogram and Time Interval modes of SPA.
  • Page 243 System Performance Analysis (SPA) Software Using State Overview, State Histogram, and Time Interval SPA State Overview menu with fields called out Specifying Low and High values The range of the X axis is determined by the Low value and High value fields (item 2 in figure above).
  • Page 244 System Performance Analysis (SPA) Software Using State Overview, State Histogram, and Time Interval Interpreting the histogram display Press the blue Shift key and Run to start the State Overview acquisition. As the data is sampled and sorted, the buckets along the X axis will accumulate (item 3 in the figure on the previous page).
  • Page 245 System Performance Analysis (SPA) Software Using State Overview, State Histogram, and Time Interval Using State Histogram mode Choosing a label to monitor To specify a label to monitor, select the Label field in the State Histogram display (item 1 in the figure below). In the pop-up, you will see a list of all the labels defined in the Format specification.
  • Page 246 System Performance Analysis (SPA) Software Using State Overview, State Histogram, and Time Interval Using symbols for ranges In the Format menu, you can define symbols for any available label. The symbols can be defined as Pattern Symbols or as Range Symbols. For complete information on defining and using symbols, see "Symbols Field"...
  • Page 247 System Performance Analysis (SPA) Software Using State Overview, State Histogram, and Time Interval Interpreting the histogram display Press the blue Shift key and Run to start the State Histogram acquisition. The relative activity over the ranges you defined is displayed as histograms (see the figure on the previous page).
  • Page 248 System Performance Analysis (SPA) Software Using State Overview, State Histogram, and Time Interval Using Time Interval mode Use Time Interval mode to determine the distribution of time between two specific events. The state analyzer uses the time tag feature to time the event;...
  • Page 249 System Performance Analysis (SPA) Software Using State Overview, State Histogram, and Time Interval Defining the Time Interval ranges Before changing the ranges from their default values, you may want to press Run and acquire some data. From this initial run, the Maximum (Max), Minimum (Min), and Average (Avg) statistics on the display will help you choose the appropriate set of Time Interval ranges.
  • Page 250 System Performance Analysis (SPA) Software Using State Overview, State Histogram, and Time Interval The analyzer continues to search for Start/End event pairs until you press Stop or until you change a display variable. The distribution of the events’ time duration is displayed as histograms (see figure below). The Max time, Min time, and Avg time statistics give you useful statistics for the event you defined no matter what ranges you’ve set up (item 1 in figure below).

  • Page 251: Using Spa With Other Features

    SPA is programmable. Refer to the HP 1670A-Series Logic Analyzers Programmer’s Guide for SPA commands. The Programmer’s Guide is available as an option with the logic analyzer. Contact your HP Sales Office for more information. Changing between SPA and a State/Timing Analyzer If you have configured a state or timing analyzer in the logic analyzer, you can quickly change to SPA, or from SPA to a state or timing analyzer.

  • Page 252: Concepts

    Concepts...
  • Page 253 Concepts Understanding how the analyzer does its job will help you use it more effectively and minimize measurement problems. This chapter explains the structure of the file system, the details of transitional timing mode, the general operation of the trigger sequence, and the details of the hardware and self-tests.

  • Page 254: The File System

    The File System The HP 1660CS-series logic analyzers have a complex internal file system, but most of the file system is only accessible over a LAN connection. From the logic analyzer’s front panel, the only parts of the file system you can examine are the hard disk drive and the flexible disk drive.

  • Page 255: Directories

    The File System Directories Directories Hard disk drive When you receive the logic analyzer, the hard disk drive is already DOS-formatted. The factory also creates a directory on the hard disk drive named "/SYSTEM". The /SYSTEM directory is intended to store system software such as backup copies of the operating system files and the performance verification files.

  • Page 256: File Types

    The File System File types File types There are seven file types on the HP 1660CS-series logic analyzer. In addition, there are seven common filename endings. Standard file types The file type is shown in a small display box centered on the line above the file listings.
  • Page 257 The File System File types Filename endings Filename endings are not restricted to certain types. These descriptions are just general guidelines. In addition, other tools you use with the logic analyzer will likely have their own set of filename endings. [none] Of the common file types you can create using the logic analyzer, only the ASCII listings do not have a default ending.

  • Page 258: Transitional Mode Theory

    Transitional Mode Theory In Transitional acquisition mode, the timing analyzer samples data at regular intervals, but only stores data when there is a transition on currently assigned bits of a pod pair. Each time a level transition occurs on any of the bits, all bits of the pod pair are stored.

  • Page 259: 250-Mhz Transitional Mode

    Transitional Mode Theory 250-MHz transitional mode Storing time tags and transitions Maximum transitions stored If transitions occur at a fast rate, such that there is a transition at each sample point, only one sample is stored for each transition as shown by time tags 17 through 21 above.
  • Page 260 Transitional Mode Theory 250-MHz transitional mode Minimum transitions stored Minimum transitions stored The figure above shows what data is stored from a data stream with transitions that occur at a slow rate (more than 24 ns apart). As shown, transitions are stored in two different ways, depending strictly on chance.
  • Page 261 Transitional Mode Theory 250-MHz transitional mode Maximum transitions stored The following example shows the case where the transitions are occurring at a 4-ns rate: Maximum transitions stored In this case, transitions are being detected with each sample so all samples are stored.

  • Page 262: Other Transitional Timing Considerations

    Transitional Mode Theory Other transitional timing considerations Other transitional timing considerations Pod pairs are independent In single run mode each pod pair runs independently. This means when one pod pair fills its trace buffer it will not shut the others down. If you have a pod pair with enabled data lines and no transitions on its lines, you get a message "Storing transitions after trigger for pods nn/nn."...

  • Page 263: The Trigger Sequence

    The Trigger Sequence HP 1660CS-series logic analyzers have triggering and data storage features that allow you to capture only the system activity of interest. Understanding how these features work will help you set up analyzer trigger specifications that satisfy your measurement needs.

  • Page 264: Trigger Sequence Specification

    The Trigger Sequence Trigger sequence specification Trigger sequence specification See the following figure, which shows a sequence specification with four levels. To define the trigger sequence, you specify sequence-advance, sequence-else, storage, and trigger-on specifications. Each level except the last has two branch conditions, the sequence-advance and sequence-else specification.
  • Page 265 The Trigger Sequence Trigger sequence specification Sequence-else specification The sequence-else branch, sometimes called the "else if" branch or secondary branch, may branch to any other state, including the current state, a previous state, or a later state. The sequence-else specification looks like the following: Else on "<TERM>"...

  • Page 266: Analyzer Resources

    The Trigger Sequence Analyzer resources Analyzer resources The sequence-advance, sequence-else, storage, and trigger-on specifications are set by a combination of up to 10 pattern terms, 2 range terms, 2 timers, and 2 edge terms (timing analyzer only). A resource can only be assigned to one analyzer at a time.
  • Page 267 The Trigger Sequence Analyzer resources Limitations affecting use of analyzer resources There are limitations on the way resources can be combined to form complex pattern expressions. Resources are combined in a four-level hierarchy. First, resources are divided into two groups. The groups can be combined with AND or OR.
  • Page 268 The Trigger Sequence Analyzer resources For example, the following combinations are valid combinations for the analyzer: • (a+b) (In_Range2 + Timer2 > 400 ns) • Out_Range1) + (f xor g) The following combinations are not valid, because resources cross pair boundaries: a xor c •...

  • Page 269: Timing Analyzer

    The Trigger Sequence Timing analyzer Timing analyzer When you configure a timing analyzer, the trigger sequence follows the general outlines given previously. The trigger sequence of the timing analyzer differs from the state analyzer in the following ways: • There are 10 levels available to build a trigger with. •...

  • Page 270: Configuration Translation Between Hp Logic Analyzers

    To help you move configuration files from one analyzer to another, most HP logic analyzers support automatic translation of analyzer configurations. The HP 1660CS-series logic analyzer can translate configuration files from the following common analyzer models: •...
  • Page 271 The onscreen messages given by the translator will help you identify which analyzer pods must be swapped. If you are using an HP preprocessor, the preprocessor User’s Guide may contain information showing the cable connections for different analyzer models.

  • Page 272: The Analyzer Hardware

    The Analyzer Hardware This section describes the theory of operation for the logic analyzer and describes the self-tests. The information in this section is to help you understand how the logic analyzer operates and what the self-tests are testing. This information is not intended for component-level repair.

  • Page 273: Hp 1660Cs-Series Analyzer Theory

    The Analyzer Hardware HP 1660CS-series analyzer theory HP 1660CS-series analyzer theory HP 1660C/CS logic analyzer 9-22...
  • Page 274 The Analyzer Hardware HP 1660CS-series analyzer theory CPU board The microprocessor is a Motorola 68EC020 running at 25 MHz. The microprocessor controls all of the functions of the logic analyzer including processing and storing data, displaying data, and configuring the acquisition ICs to obtain and store data.
  • Page 275 HP-IB data to the controller. The controller then buffers the 8-bit HP-IB data bits and generates the bus handshaking signals. The data and handshaking signals are then routed to the HP-IB bus through the octal line drivers/receivers. The drivers/receivers provide data and control signal transfer between the bus and controller.

  • Page 276: Logic Acquisition Board Theory

    The Analyzer Hardware Logic acquisition board theory Logic acquisition board theory Logic acquisition board Probing The probing circuit includes the probe cable and terminations. The probe cable consists of two 17-channel pods which are connected to the circuit board using a high-density connector. Sixteen single-ended data channels and one single-ended clock/data channel per pod are passed to the circuit board.
  • Page 277 (HP 1660CS), six (HP 1661CS), four (HP 1662CS), or two (HP 1663CS) clock/data channels are available as data channels; however, only six clock/data channels can be assigned as clock channels in the HP 1660CS and HP 1661CS. All clock data channels available in the HP 1662CS and HP 1663CS can be assigned as clock channels.
  • Page 278 The Analyzer Hardware Logic acquisition board theory In addition to the storage qualification and counting functions, the acquisition ASICs also perform master clocking functions. All six state acquisition clocks are fed to each IC, and the ICs generate their own sample clocks. Every time you select run, the ICs individually perform a clock optimization before data is stored.

  • Page 279: Oscilloscope Board Theory

    The Analyzer Hardware Oscilloscope board theory Oscilloscope board theory Oscilloscope board 9-28...
  • Page 280 The Analyzer Hardware Oscilloscope board theory Attenuator/Preamp theory of operation The channel signals are conditioned by the attenuator/preamps, thick film hybrids containing passive attenuators, impedance converters, and a programmable amplifier. The channel sensitivity defaults to the standard 1-2-4 sequence (other sensitivities can be set also). However, the firmware uses passive attenuation of 1, 5, 25, and 125, with the programmable preamp, to cover the entire sensitivity range.
  • Page 281 BNC. Channel 1 and channel 2 triggers were discussed previously. The IMB trigger signal is sent directly to the logic trigger. External triggering is provided by the BNC input of the HP 1660CS-series logic analyzer. Time base The time base provides the sample clocks and timing necessary for data acquisition.
  • Page 282 The Analyzer Hardware Oscilloscope board theory clock derived from the sample rate oscillator. When the interpolator indicates the stretch is complete, the counter is stopped. The count represents, with much higher accuracy, the time between the trigger and the first sample clock. The count is stored and used to place the recently acquired data in relationship with previous data.

  • Page 283: Self-Tests Description

    The self-tests identify the correct operation of major functional areas in the logic analyzer. The self-tests are not intended for component-level diagnostics. Three types of tests are performed on the HP 1660CS-series logic analyzers: the power-up self-tests, the functional performance verification self-tests, and the parametric performance verification tests.

  • Page 284: Troubleshooting

    Troubleshooting...
  • Page 285 Troubleshooting Occasionally, a measurement may not give the expected results. If you encounter difficulties while making measurements, use this chapter to guide you through some possible solutions. Each heading lists a problem you may encounter, along with some possible solutions. Error messages which may appear on the logic analyzer are listed below in quotes "...

  • Page 286: Analyzer Problems

    Analyzer Problems This section lists general problems that you might encounter while using the analyzer. Intermittent data errors This problem is usually caused by poor connections, incorrect signal levels, or marginal timing. With the logic analyzer and all connected equipment turned off, remove and reseat all cables and probes;...

  • Page 287: No Activity On Activity Indicators

    Analyzer Problems No activity on activity indicators trigger occurs, set the trigger to the module entry address plus 08 hex. (This assumes that there is no immediate data in the instruction stream.) No activity on activity indicators Ensure that the Threshold settings in the Format menu match the logic family being probed.

  • Page 288: Preprocessor Problems

    Preprocessor Problems This section lists problems that you might encounter when using a preprocessor. If the solutions suggested here do not correct the problem, you may have a defective preprocessor. Refer to the User’s Guide for your preprocessor for test procedures. Contact your local Hewlett-Packard Sales Office if you need further assistance.

  • Page 289: Slow Clock

    If +5 V is not present, check the internal preprocessor fuse or current limiting circuit on the logic analyzer. For information on checking this fuse or circuit, refer to the HP 1660C/CS Logic Analyzers Service Guide. • If +5 V is present and the cable connection to the preprocessor appears sound, contact your nearest Hewlett-Packard Sales Office for information on servicing the board.

  • Page 290: Erratic Trace Measurements

    Preprocessor Problems Erratic trace measurements Erratic trace measurements There are several general problems that can cause erratic variations in trace lists and inverse assembly failures. Ensure that the preprocessor configuration switches are correctly set for the measurement you are trying to make. Some preprocessors include configuration switches for various features (for example, to allow dequeueing of the trace list).

  • Page 291: Inverse Assembler Problems

    Inverse Assembler Problems This section lists problems that you might encounter while using the inverse assembler. When you obtain incorrect inverse assembly results, it may be unclear whether the problem is in the preprocessor or in your target system. If you follow the suggestions in this section to ensure that you are using the preprocessor and inverse assembler correctly, you can proceed with confidence in debugging your target system.

  • Page 292: Inverse Assembler Will Not Load Or Run

    Inverse Assembler Problems Inverse assembler will not load or run require you to connect cable 5 to analyzer pod 2. See the User’s Guide for your preprocessor for further information. Check the activity indicators for status lines locked in a high or low state.

  • Page 293: Error Messages

    Error Messages This section lists some of the messages that the analyzer displays when it encounters a problem. ". . . Inverse Assembler Not Found" This error occurs if you rename or delete the inverse assembler file that is attached to the configuration file. Ensure that the inverse assembler file is not renamed or deleted, and that it is on the same flexible disk or in the same directory as the configuration file.

  • Page 294: Slow Or Missing Clock

    Error Messages "Slow or Missing Clock" "Slow or Missing Clock" This error might occur if the target system is not running properly. Ensure that the target system is on and operating properly. Check your State clock configuration. The proper clocking scheme should be listed in your preprocessor interface User’s Guide.

  • Page 295: Must Have At Least 1 Edge Specified

    Error Messages "Must have at least 1 edge specified" "Must have at least 1 edge specified" You must assign at least one clock edge to one of the available clocks in the clocking arrangment. The analyzer will not let you close the clock assignment pop-up until an edge is specified.

  • Page 296: Timer Is Off In Sequence Level N Where It Is Used

    Error Messages "Timer is off in sequence level n where it is used" "Timer is off in sequence level n where it is used" If you use timers as part of your trigger sequence, you must remember to turn them on using Timer Control in the Sequence Level pop-up menu. Check that your timers are turned on.

  • Page 297: Measurement Initialization Error

    The logic analyzer failed its internal hardware calibration. Run the Performance Verification tests. See Also Chapter 12, "Operator’s Service," or the HP 1660C/CS-Series Logic Analyzers Service Guide for information on running the Performance Verification test. "Warning: Run HALTED due to variable change"...

  • Page 298: Specifications

    Specifications...

  • Page 299: Accessories

    HP 1660CS-series logic analyzers. Accessories The following accessories are supplied with the HP 1660CS-series logic analyzers. The part numbers are current as of the edition of the User’s Guide, but future upgrades may change the part numbers. Do not be concerned if the accessories you receive have different part numbers.

  • Page 300: Specifications (Logic Analyzer)

    Specifications (logic analyzer) Specifications (logic analyzer) The specifications are the performance standards against which the product is tested. Refer to the HP 1660C/CS Logic Analyzers Service Guide, available from your HP sales office, for testing procedures. Maximum state speed 100 MHz Minimum state clock pulse width 3.5 ns...

  • Page 301: Specifications (Oscilloscope)

    Specifications Specifications (oscilloscope) Specifications (oscilloscope) Specifications are valid within ± 10° C of auto-calibration temperature, excluding bandwidth−see note 1 for bandwidth specification. The oscilloscope includes the following specifications: Bandwidth Bandwidth dc to 250 MHz (real time, dc-coupled) ±[(0.005% X ∆t)+ Time interval measurement Time interval measurement accuracy...

  • Page 302: Characteristics (Logic Analyzer)

    Maximum transitional timing rate 125 MHz 250 MHz Maximum timing with glitch rate 125 MHz Memory depth Channel count: HP 1660CS HP 1661CS HP 1662CS HP 1663CS * For all modes except glitch. Characteristics (oscilloscope) These characteristics are included as additional information.

  • Page 303: Supplemental Characteristics (Logic Analyzer)

    125 MHz, maximum State sequence levels Timing sequence levels Maximum occurrence counter value 1,048,575 Pattern recognizers Maximum pattern width 136 channels in HP 1660CS, 102 channels in HP 1661CS, 68 channels in HP 1662CS, 34 channels in HP 1663CS Range recognizers 11–6...
  • Page 304 400 ns to 500 seconds Glitch/Edge recognizers 2 (timing only) Maximum glitch/edge width 136 channels in HP 1660CS, 102 channels in HP 1661CS, 68 channels in HP 1662CS, 34 channels in HP 1663CS Measurement and display functions Displayed waveforms 24 lines maximum, with scrolling across 96 waveforms.
  • Page 305 Bases Binary, octal, decimal, hexadecimal, ASCII (display only), two’s complement, and user-defined symbols. Symbols 1,000 maximum. Symbols can be downloaded over RS-232 or HP-IB, or the optional LAN. Marker functions Time interval The X and O markers measure the time interval between...

  • Page 306: Supplemental Characteristics (Oscilloscope)

    Specifications Supplemental characteristics (oscilloscope) Supplemental characteristics (oscilloscope) Vertical (at BNC) Vertical sensitivity range Vertical sensitivity range 4 mV/div to 10 V/div in 1-2-4 increments (1:1 Probe) (1:1 Probe) DC offset range DC offset range Vertical sensitivity Vertical sensitivity Available offset Available offset ±2 V (1:1 probe)
  • Page 307 Specifications Supplemental characteristics (oscilloscope) Triggering Trigger level range Within display window (full scale and offset) Trigger modes Immediate Triggers immediately after arming condition is met. Edge Triggers on rising or falling edge of any internal channel, count adjustable from 1 to 32,000. Pattern Triggers on entering or exiting a specified pattern of both internal channels, count adjustable from...
  • Page 308 Specifications Supplemental characteristics (oscilloscope) Waveform display Displayed waveforms Eight waveform windows maximum, with scrolling across 96 waveforms. Display formats Waveforms can be displayed in an overlapping and/or non-overlapping format. Display capability of A-B and A+B is also provided. Display resolution 500 points horizontal, 240 points vertical.
  • Page 309 V p-p Preshoot amplitude Overshoot (*gives difference between top and base voltages; only available over the HP-IB bus) Grid Graticules can be displayed in background of waveform. Setup aids Autoscale Autoscales the vertical and horizontal ranges, offset, and trigger level to display the input signals. Requires a frequency between 50 Hz and 250 MHz.

  • Page 310: Operating Environment

    Specifications Operating environment Operating environment Instrument, 0 °C to 55 °C (+32 °F to 131 °F). Temperature Temperature Probe lead sets and cables, 0 °C to 65 °C (+32 °F to 149 °F). Flexible disk media, 10 °C to 40 °C (+50 °F to 104 °F) Humidity Humidity...
  • Page 311 11–14...

  • Page 312: Operator's Service

    Operator’s Service...
  • Page 313 The HP 1660C/CS-Series Logic Analyzers Service Guide contains detailed service procedures. Service guides can be ordered through your HP Sales Office; they are not shipped with the logic analyzer. 12-2...

  • Page 314: Preparing For Use

    Preparing For Use This section gives you instructions for preparing the logic analyzer for use. Power requirements The logic analyzer requires a power source of either 115 Vac or 230 Vac, –22% to +10%, single phase, 48 to 66 Hz, 200 Watts maximum power.

  • Page 315: To Inspect The Logic Analyzer

    Preparing For Use To inspect the logic analyzer To inspect the logic analyzer Inspect the shipping container for damage. If the shipping container or cushioning material is damaged, keep them until you have checked the contents of the shipment and checked the instrument mechanically and electrically.

  • Page 316: To Set The Line Voltage

    To set the line voltage To set the line voltage When shipped from HP, the line voltage selector is set and an appropriate fuse is installed for operating the instrument in the country of destination. Electrostatic discharge can damage electronic components. Use grounded C A U T I O N wrist straps and mats when performing any service to the logic analyzer.

  • Page 317: To Degauss The Display

    Do not immerse the logic analyzer in water. To test the logic analyzer • If you require a test to verify the specifications, the HP 1660C/CS Series Logic Analyzers Service Guide is required. Start at the beginning of chapter 3, "Testing Performance." •...

  • Page 318: Calibrating The Oscilloscope

    Calibrating the oscilloscope Equipment Required Equipment Critical Specification Recommended Model/Part Cable (2) BNC, 9-inch (equal length) HP 10502A Cable 50 Ω BNC (m-to-m) 48-inch HP 10503A Adapter BNC tee (m)(f)(f) HP 1250-0781 Adapter BNC (f)(f) (ug-914/u) HP 1250-0080 Set up the equipment Turn on the logic analyzer.

  • Page 319: Load The Default Calibration Factors

    Calibrating the oscilloscope Load the default calibration factors Load the default calibration factors Note that once the default calibration factors are loaded, all calibrations must be done. This includes all of the calibrations in the Self Cal menu. The calibration must be performed in the exact sequence listed below. Go to the Scope Calibration menu.

  • Page 320: Self Cal Menu Calibrations

    Calibrating the oscilloscope Self Cal menu calibrations Self Cal menu calibrations Messages will be displayed as each calibration routine is completed to indicate calibration has passed or failed. The resulting calibration factors are automatically stored to nonvolatile RAM at the conclusion of each calibration routine.
  • Page 321 Calibrating the oscilloscope Self Cal menu calibrations Optimize the Time Null of the Self Cal. Connect two BNC 50-Ω, 9-inch cables to the BNC tee adapter. Connect the BNC 50Ω (f)(f) adapter to the BNC tee adapter, and connect the 48-inch BNC cable to the BNC 50Ω (f)(f) adapter. Once you select Start, the instrument will prompt you to connect the cables to the appropriate locations on the rear panel of the instrument.

  • Page 322: Troubleshooting

    Troubleshooting This section helps you troubleshoot the logic analyzer to find the problem. The troubleshooting consists of flowcharts, self-test instructions, and tests. If you suspect a problem, start at the top of the first flowchart. During the troubleshooting instructions, the flowcharts will direct you to perform other tests.

  • Page 323: To Use The Flowcharts

    Troubleshooting To use the flowcharts To use the flowcharts Flowcharts are the primary tool used to isolate problems in the logic analyzer. The flowcharts refer to other tests to help isolate the trouble. The circled letters on the charts indicate connections with the other flowcharts. Start your troubleshooting at the top of the first flowchart.
  • Page 324 Troubleshooting To use the flowcharts Troubleshooting Flowchart 2 12-13...

  • Page 325: To Check The Power-Up Tests

    Troubleshooting To check the power-up tests To check the power-up tests The logic analyzer automatically performs power-up tests when you apply power to the instrument. The revision number of the operating system shows in the upper-right corner of the screen during these power-up tests. As each test completes, either "passed"...

  • Page 326: To Run The Self-Tests

    Troubleshooting To run the self-tests To run the self-tests Self-tests identify the correct operation of major functional areas of the instrument. You can run all self-tests without accessing the interior of the instrument. If a self-test fails, the troubleshooting flowcharts instruct you to change a part of the instrument.
  • Page 327 Troubleshooting To run the self-tests Press the System key, then select the field next to Sys PV. Select System Test to access the system tests. Select ROM Test. The ROM Test screen is displayed. You can run all tests at one time by running All System Tests. To see more details about each test, you can run each test individually.
  • Page 328 Troubleshooting To run the self-tests Select Run, then select Single. To run a test continuously, select Repetitive. Select Stop to halt a repetitive test. For a Single run, the test runs one time, and the screen shows the results. 12-17...
  • Page 329 Troubleshooting To run the self-tests To exit the ROM Test, select Done. Note that the status changes to PASSED or FAILED. Install a formatted disk that is not write-protected into the flexible disk drive. Connect an RS-232-C loopback connector onto the RS-232-C port.
  • Page 330 Troubleshooting To run the self-tests Select Sys PV, then select Analy PV in the pop-up menu. Select Chip 2 Tests. You can run all the analyzer tests at one time by selecting All Analyzer Tests. To see more details about each test, you can run each test individually. This example shows how to run Chip 2 Tests.
  • Page 331 Troubleshooting To run the self-tests Select Board Tests, then select Run. When the Board Tests are finished, select Done. Select Data Input Inspection. All lines should show activity. Select Done to exit the Data Input Inspection. Select Analy PV, then select Scope PV in the pop up menu. Select Functional Tests.
  • Page 332 Troubleshooting To run the self-tests Select one of the Scope PV tests. You can run all of the tests at one time by selecting All Tests, or you can run each test individually. For this example, select Data Memory Test. In the Data Memory Test menu, select Run, then select Single.

  • Page 333: To Test The Auxiliary Power

    There should be +5 V after the 1 minute reset time. Equipment Required Equipment Critical Specifications Recommended Model/Part Digital Multimeter 0.1 mV resolution, better HP 3478A than 0.005% accuracy • Using the multimeter, verify the +5 V on pins 1 and 39 of the probe cables. 12-22...
  • Page 334 A small, label A name for a group of func- standalone HP logic analyzer that is tionally-related channels. Three not part of the HP 16500 logic analy- common labels, which are required sis system. by HP preprocessor interface inverse...
  • Page 335 Glossary storage qualification Storage READ and term "b" could be I/O qualification allows you to specify WRITE, and the trigger/storage the type of information to be stored macro could be to start storing at in memory. Use storage qualification term "a" and stop storing at term "b." to prevent memory from being filled with unwanted activity.
  • Page 336 A table con- taining the symbols that are created by the user, using the Symbols op- tion in the Format menu. This is the standard symbol capability of the HP logic analyzer. See also OMF Symbol Table. waveform An oscilloscope-like dis- play of a trace.
  • Page 337 Glossary–4...
  • Page 338 Index $ indicator, 7-53 Attenuation continue, 7-72 (<) field less than, 7-49 See Probe attenuation displaying the waveform, 7-72 (>) field greater than, 7-49 Auto markers options field options, 7-72 8-bit vertical voltage resolution, 7-99 default, 7-90 finding the time base settings, 7-72 8000 samples, 7-71 Auto-range, 8-5, 8-16 finding the vertical settings, 7-72...
  • Page 339 Index Chip select lines, 5-29 Coprocessor systems pack disk, 7-23 Choosing a label to monitor, 8-21 debugging, 5-29 purge, 7-23 Cleaning, 12-6 Copy, 7-22 rename, 7-23 Clock inputs display, 7-34 Copy Trace to Compare field, 7-69 store, 7-23 Clock qualifiers, 7-38 Count field, 4-11, 7-57, 7-83, 7-87 Display adjustment, 7-30 Clocks, 1-5...
  • Page 340 7-27 next and previous keys, 7-16 File management, 6-2 settings, 7-27 overlays, 7-17 File types, 6-8, 7-25 HP-IB printer Select key, 7-17 Find Error field, 7-69 Listen Always, 2-5 types of, 2-4 First statement, 5-4 set up, 2-5 to 2-6...
  • Page 341 Index Manual acquisition mode, 5-25 Memory, 7-2 Oscilloscope calibration ports, 1-3, 7-11 Manual/automatic markers maximizing, 4-16, 7-3 to 7-4, 7-32, 7-41, Other States included/excluded, 8-5, 8-13 setting, 7-94 7-57, 9-11 Output Format field, 6-7 Markers, 1-7 Menus Overdrive, 7-10 automatic markers, 7-88 to 7-96 accessing, 3-4 to 3-5 Overshoot, 7-101 channel label field, 7-96...
  • Page 342 7-7 Preset ECL values, 7-75 Problems, 10-2 Preset field, 7-75 Programming s/Div field, 7-73 Preset TTL values, 7-75 See HP 1660C/CS Logic Analyzers Sample period Preshoot, 7-101 Programmers Guide Time interval mode, minimum, 8-5 Print Protocol timing analyzers, 4-19...
  • Page 343 Centronics, 7-28 total samples, 8-13 Symbol field, 7-40 controller, 2-9 tracing All States vs Qualified States, 8-25 Symbol tables, 7-40 HP-IB, 7-27 User-defined Ranges vs Symbols, 8-13 Symbols, 3-12, 7-40 printer, 2-6 to 2-8 using, 8-24 label and base fields, 7-40...
  • Page 344 Index selecting, 8-6 Transitional Timing, 7-33 on bad data, 5-11 specifying an event, 8-27 full channel 125MHz mode, 7-33 on bus contention, 5-21 start/end conditions, 8-15 half channel 250MHz mode, 7-33 on control and status signals, 5-24 total samples, 8-16 other considerations, 7-41, 9-11 on entry to a function, 5-10 using, 8-27...
  • Page 345 Index Voltage values at Tx and To markers See channel label field Vp_p, 7-99 Vtop, 7-99 Watchdog timer behavior, 5-29 Waveform unsynchronized, 7-81, 7-84 Waveform Display, 7-62 Waveform menu, 3-14, 7-60 to 7-62 accumulate field, 7-60 delay field, 7-60 waveform display, 7-62 Waveform reconstruction, 7-60 Waveforms viewing with trace lists, 5-32...
  • Page 346 • © Copyright Hewlett- Safety Safety Symbols Service instructions are for Packard Company 1995 trained service personnel. To This apparatus has been avoid dangerous electric designed and tested in shock, do not perform any accordance with IEC All Rights Reserved. Instruction manual symbol: service unless qualified to do ®...
  • Page 347 This is the first edition of the Hewlett-Packard specifically Hewlett-Packard specifically edition and of any changed product has a warranty HP 1660CS-Series Logic disclaims the implied disclaims the implied pages to that edition. against defects in material Analyzers User’s Guide...

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