Introduction To Elements - GE N60 UR Series Instruction Manual

5.1 OVERVIEW
SETTINGS
TESTING
In the design of UR relays, the term element is used to describe a feature that is based around a comparator. The compar-
ator is provided with an input (or set of inputs) that is tested against a programmed setting (or group of settings) to deter-
mine if the input is within the defined range that will set the output to logic 1, also referred to as "setting the flag". A single
comparator may make multiple tests and provide multiple outputs; for example, the time overcurrent comparator sets a
pickup flag when the current input is above the setting and sets an operate flag when the input current has been at a level
above the pickup setting for the time specified by the time-current curve settings. All comparators use analog parameter
5
actual values as the input.
The exception to the above rule are the digital elements, which use logic states as inputs.
NOTE
Elements are arranged into two classes, grouped and control. Each element classed as a grouped element is provided with
six alternate sets of settings, in setting groups numbered 1 through 6. The performance of a grouped element is defined by
the setting group that is active at a given time. The performance of a control element is independent of the selected active
setting group.
The main characteristics of an element are shown on the element logic diagram. This includes the inputs, settings, fixed
logic, and the output operands generated (abbreviations used on scheme logic diagrams are defined in Appendix F).
Some settings for current and voltage elements are specified in per-unit (pu) calculated quantities:
pu quantity = (actual quantity) / (base quantity)
For current elements, the 'base quantity' is the nominal secondary or primary current of the CT.
Where the current source is the sum of two CTs with different ratios, the 'base quantity' will be the common secondary or
primary current to which the sum is scaled (that is, normalized to the larger of the two rated CT inputs). For example, if CT1
= 300 / 5 A and CT2 = 100 / 5 A, then in order to sum these, CT2 is scaled to the CT1 ratio. In this case, the base quantity
will be 5 A secondary or 300 A primary.
For voltage elements the 'base quantity' is the nominal primary voltage of the protected system which corresponds (based
on VT ratio and connection) to secondary VT voltage applied to the relay.
For example, on a system with a 13.8 kV nominal primary voltage and with 14400:120 V delta-connected VTs, the second-
ary nominal voltage (1 pu) would be:
For Wye-connected VTs, the secondary nominal voltage (1 pu) would be:
5-4
DCMA OUTPUTS
TEST MODE
FUNCTION: Disabled
TEST MODE INITIATE:
On
FORCE CONTACT
INPUTS
FORCE CONTACT
OUTPUTS
PMU
TEST VALUES
13800
×
--------------- - 120
14400
13800 120
×
--------------- - --------- -
14400
N60 Network Stability and Synchrophasor Measurement System
See page 5-185.
See page 5-189.
See page 5-189.
See page 5-189.
See page 5-190.
See page 5-191.

5.1.2 INTRODUCTION TO ELEMENTS

115 V
=
= 66.4 V
3
5 SETTINGS
(EQ 5.1)
(EQ 5.2)
GE Multilin