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Z3
Z2
Z1
BRR
ZR
Z4
(
a) Phase fault element
Figure 2.16.3.2 Quadrilateral Four Zone Characteristics
ZRS
(a) Mho-based characteristic
Figure 2.16.3.3 ZRS Characteristic Offset Reach for Backup Tripping
Zone 1 and zone 2 can trip on condition that zone 3 has operated, in both characteristics.
The power swing blocking elements (PSBS and PSBG) are a combination of the reactance element
and blinder element as shown in Figure 2.16.3.4. The outer element PSBOUT encloses the inner
element PSBIN with a settable width of PSBZ.
Figure 2.16.3.4 Power Swing Blocking Element
BFR1,2,3
X
Z1S
R
X
PSBZ
Z3
PSBIN
0
PSBZ
ZR
Z4
PSBZ
135
Z3
Z2
Z1
BRR
BFR1,2,3
ZR
Z4
(b) Earth fault element
X
ZRS
(b) Quadrilateral characteristic
PSBOUT
R
PSBZ
6 F 2 S 0 8 5 0
Z1S
R
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